Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of overweight/not overweight and overfat/not overfat study participants, as defined by WHO 2007 BMI-for-age reference and McCarthy 2006 Body Fat reference29,30
| Characteristics |
Overweight defined from BMI with WHO reference (n = 1310) |
Overfat defined from bioelectrical impedance with the McCarthy reference (n = 1317) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not overweight, n = 1130 | Overweight, n = 180 | χ2 or Mann–Whitney P-value | Not overfat, n = 1130 | Overfat, n = 187 | χ2 or Mann–Whitney P-value | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 590 (52.21%) | 133 (73.89%) | χ2 = 29.5001 P < 0.0001 | 591 (52.3%) | 136 (72.73%) | χ2 = 27.0709 P < 0.0001 |
| Male | 540 (47.79%) | 47 (26.11%) | 539 (47.7%) | 51 (27.27%) | ||
| Mother's age at childbirth | ||||||
| 10–19 | 202 (23.76%) | 26 (18.44%) | χ2 = 5.6415 P = 0.130 | 204 (23.8%) | 24 (17.65%) | χ2 = 3.5127 P = 0.319 |
| 20–29 | 380 (44.71%) | 68 (48.23%) | 385 (44.92%) | 64 (47.06%) | ||
| 30–39 | 229 (26.94%) | 35 (24.82%) | 226 (26.37%) | 38 (27.94%) | ||
| 40+ | 39 (4.59%) | 12 (8.51%) | 42 (4.9%) | 10 (7.35%) | ||
| Missing | 280 | 39 | 273 | 51 | ||
| Mother alive/dead | ||||||
| Alive | 573 (84.76%) | 93 (86.11%) | χ2 = 0.1323 P = 0.716 | 575 (85.06%) | 92 (84.40%) | χ2 = 0.0316 P = 0.859 |
| Dead | 103 (15.24%) | 15 (13.89%) | 101 (14.94%) | 17 (15.6%) | ||
| Missing | 454 | 72 | 454 | 78 | ||
| Mother co-resident with child | ||||||
| Yes | 409 (60.5%) | 61 (56.48%) | χ2 = 0.6272 P = 0.428 | 409 (60.5%) | 62 (56.88%) | χ2 = 0.5131 P = 0.474 |
| No | 267 (39.5%) | 47 (43.52%) | 267 (39.5%) | 47 (43.12%) | ||
| Missing | 454 | 72 | 454 | 78 | ||
| Mother's marital status | ||||||
| Married | 196 (27.11%) | 40 (33.33%) | χ2 = 2.0235 P = 0.364 | 203 (27.92%) | 34 (29.06%) | χ2 = 1.1717 P = 0.557 |
| Single | 472 (65.28%) | 71 (59.17%) | 466 (64.10%) | 77 (65.81%) | ||
| Widowed/separated | 55 (7.61%) | 9 (7.5%) | 58 (7.98%) | 6 (5.13%) | ||
| Missing | 407 | 60 | 403 | 70 | ||
| Number of individuals in householda | ||||||
| 1–5 | 219 (19.38%) | 43 (23.89%) | χ2 = 2.3904 P = 0.303 | 230 (20.35%) | 36 (19.25%) | χ2 = 0.1937 P = 0.908 |
| 6–15 | 518 (45.84%) | 82 (45.56%) | 514 (45.49%) | 88 (47.06%) | ||
| 16+ | 393 (34.78%) | 55 (30.56%) | 386 (34.16%) | 63 (33.69%) | ||
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Number of individuals under 18 in household | ||||||
| 1–5 | 521 (46.11%) | 99 (55%) | χ2 = 6.7053 P = 0.082 | 527 (46.64%) | 95 (50.8%) | χ2 = 1.2981 P = 0.730 |
| 6–10 | 250 (22.12%) | 32 (17.78%) | 245 (21.68%) | 39 (20.86%) | ||
| 11–15 | 53 (4.69%) | 11 (6.11%) | 55 (4.87%) | 9 (4.81%) | ||
| 16+ | 306 (27.08%) | 38 (21.11%) | 303 (26.81%) | 44 (23.53%) | ||
| Missing | 169 | 28 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Median distance to nearest appropriate school (km)b | 1.31 (0.78–1.97) (n = 1120) | 1.33 (0.82–2.13) (n = 179) | Mann–Whitney = −0.507 P = 0.6120 | 1.34 (0.80–1.99) | 1.27 (0.72–2.05) | Mann–Whitney = 0.823 P = 0.4104 |
| Median distance to Level 1 road (km)c | 7.49 (1.2–13.49) (n = 1120) | 6.78 (1.2–14.2) (n = 179) | Mann–Whitney = 0.339 P = 0.7348 | 7.38 (1.22–13.42) | 7.52 (1.15–14.42) | Mann–Whitney = 0.395 P = 0.6931 |
| Water | ||||||
| Piped | 558 (70.81%) | 87 (72.5%) | χ2 = 0.1442 P = 0.704 | 561 (70.92%) | 85 (70.83%) | χ2 = 0.0004 P = 0.984 |
| Other | 230 (29.19%) | 33 (27.50%) | 230 (29.08%) | 35 (29.17%) | ||
| Missing | 342 | 60 | 339 | 67 | ||
| Toilet | ||||||
| Flush | 33 (5.23%) | 5 (5.26%) | χ2 = 0.4375 P = 0.804 | 33 (5.22%) | 5 (5.21%) | χ2 = 0.1483 P = 0.929 |
| Ventilation pit | 96 (15.21%) | 12 (12.63%) | 95 (15.03%) | 13 (13.54%) | ||
| Other | 502 (79.56%) | 78 (82.11%) | 504 (79.75%) | 78 (81.25%) | ||
| Missing | 499 | 85 | 498 | 91 | ||
| Electricity | ||||||
| Yes | 593 (75.45%) | 95 (78.51%) | χ2 = 0.5386 P = 0.463 | 595 (75.41%) | 95 (78.51%) | χ2 = 0.5502 P = 0.458 |
| No | 193 (24.55%) | 26 (21.49%) | 194 (24.59%) | 26 (21.49%) | ||
| Missing | 344 | 59 | 341 | 66 | ||
| Cooking fuel | ||||||
| Electricity | 451 (57.16%) | 71 (58.68%) | χ2 = 1.2875 P = 0.525 | 451 (57.02%) | 72 (59.5%) | χ2 = 2.4350 P = 0.296 |
| Gas | 46 (5.83%) | 4 (3.31%) | 47 (5.94%) | 3 (2.48%) | ||
| Wood/Coal/Other | 292 (37.01%) | 46 (38.02%) | 293 (37.04%) | 46 (38.02%) | ||
| Missing | 341 | 59 | 339 | 66 | ||
| Financial statusd | ||||||
| Poor | 159 (20.23%) | 26 (21.49%) | χ2 = 3.2317 P = 0.199 | 158 (20.03%) | 84 (69.42%) | χ2 = 2.3585 P = 0.308 |
| Just getting by | 591 (75.19%) | 85 (70.25%) | 593 (75.16%) | 28 (23.14%) | ||
| Comfortable | 36 (4.58%) | 10 (8.26%) | 38 (4.82%) | 9 (7.44%) | ||
| Missing | 344 | 59 | 341 | 66 | ||
| Adult missed meale | ||||||
| Yes | 28 (3.57%) | 3 (2.48%) | χ2 = 0.3779 P = 0.539 | 28 (3.56%) | 3 (2.48%) | χ2 = 0.3699 P = 0.543 |
| No | 756 (96.43%) | 118 (97.52%) | 759 (96.44%) | 118 (97.52%) | ||
| Missing | 346 | 59 | 343 | 66 | ||
| Asset indexf | ||||||
| 1 Poorest | 157 (20.03%) | 20 (16.81%) | χ2 = 5.2555 P = 0.262 | 158 (20.13%) | 19 (15.83%) | χ2 = 2.0305 P = 0.730 |
| 2 ↓ | 170 (21.68%) | 28 (23.53%) | 171 (21.78%) | 28 (23.33%) | ||
| 3 ↓ | 178 (22.7%) | 19 (15.97%) | 173 (22.04%) | 24 (20%) | ||
| 4 ↓ | 175 (22.32%) | 30 (25.21%) | 173 (22.04%) | 31 (25.83%) | ||
| 5 Wealthiest | 104 (13.27%) | 22 (18.49%) | 110 (14.01%) | 18 (15%) | ||
| Missing | 346 | 61 | 345 | 67 | ||
| Mother's highest school level | ||||||
| Matriculationg and above | 152 (29.63%) | 25 (29.76%) | χ2 = 0.2193 P = 0.974 | 147 (28.49%) | 31 (37.8%) | χ2 = 4.9235 P = 0.177 |
| Some secondary | 180 (35.09%) | 31 (36.9%) | 183 (35.47%) | 28 (34.15%) | ||
| Some primary | 118 (23%) | 19 (22.62%) | 119 (23.06%) | 18 (21.95%) | ||
| Never went to school | 63 (12.28%) | 9 (10.71%) | 67 (12.98%) | 5 (6.1%) | ||
| Missing | 617 | 96 | 614 | 105 | ||
| Mother's employment | ||||||
| Employed | 192 (33.33%) | 32 (34.78%) | χ2 = 0.0748 P = 0.785 | 194 (33.39%) | 32 (36.36%) | χ2 = 0.3020 P = 0.583 |
| Not employed | 384 (66.67%) | 60 (65.22%) | 387 (66.61%) | 56 (63.64%) | ||
| Missing | 554 | 88 | 549 | 99 | ||
aHousehold—Social group, with individuals as members. A narrow definition would restrict the term to groups of individuals who live and eat together, but ACDIS uses a wider definition also allowing for non-resident household members. We replace ‘share food, prepare and eat together’ by ‘largely share the same resources’ or ‘care for each other/would care for each other, if need be’.
bNearest appropriate school—This refers to the nearest school appropriate for the child's current schooling level, i.e. for those in Grades 1 and 5, this is the nearest primary school and for those in Grade 9 it is the nearest secondary school.
cLevel 1 road—This refers to a main national road. Level 2 roads are district roads and Level 3 roads are local roads.
dFinancial status—This is based on the household's own perception of their financial status and therefore is a subjective measure. ‘Extremely poor’, ‘poor’, ‘just getting by’, ‘comfortable’ and ‘very comfortable’, recoded here to poor (including extremely poor and poor), just getting by and comfortable (including comfortable and very comfortable).
eAdult missed meal—This refers to whether an adult has needed to reduce the size of meals or completely miss a meal for financial reasons at any time within the past 12 months.
fAsset index—This is an objective measure using a wealth index developed for use with Demographic and Health Survey data (39). This index relates to assets owned by the household as well as amenities such as water, electricity and toilet facilities available. The scale is based on quintiles from 1 to 5 with 1 being the poorest and 5 being the wealthiest.
gMatriculation—This is often referred to as the school exit examination although it also relates to the minimum entry requirements for enrolment at university.