Table 3.

Language comprehension performance: Summary of mixed-design analysis of variance

Effect	F1			F2			minF′
Effect	F(df)	p	η_p²	F(df)	p	η_p²	F(df)	p
Accuracy
Group	0.1 (1, 77)	.757	0.001	1.64 (1, 16)	.219	0.093	0.09 (1, 85)	.763
Pl	4.62 (1, 77)	.035	0.057	3.53 (1, 16)	.079	0.181	2 (1, 44)	.164
Pl × Group	0.01 (1, 77)	.923	0.000	0.006 (1, 16)	.937	0.000	0.01 (1, 41)	.952
Neg	36.3 (2, 154)	<.001	0.320	36.7 (2, 32)	<.001	0.696	18.2 (2, 107)	.000
Neg × Group	2.17 (2, 154)	.117	0.027	0.81 (2, 32)	.452	0.048	0.59 (2, 59)	.556
Pl × Neg	6.16 (2, 154)	.003	0.074	4.13 (2, 32)	.025	0.205	2.47 (2, 82)	.091
Pl × Neg × Group	3.55 (2, 154)	.031	0.044	0.52 (2, 32)	.600	0.031	0.45 (2, 42)	.639
Response time
Group	1.39 (1, 77)	.242	0.018	0.09 (1, 16)	.770	0.006	0.08 (1, 18)	.776
Pl	18.8 (1, 77)	<.001	0.196	9.08 (1, 16)	.008	0.362	6.12 (1, 34)	.019
Pl × Group	1.4 (1, 77)	.24	0.018	0.07 (1, 16)	.793	0.004	0.07 (1, 18)	.798
Neg	106 (2, 154)	<.001	0.579	79.9 (2, 32)	<.001	0.833	45.6 (2, 88)	.000
Neg × Group	4.25 (2, 154)	.016	0.052	0.99 (2, 32)	.381	0.059	0.81 (2, 48)	.452
Pl × Neg	11.2 (2, 154)	<.001	0.127	5.92 (2, 32)	.006	0.270	3.88 (2, 71)	.025
Pl × Neg × Group	1.42 (2, 154)	.246	0.018	1.13 (2, 32)	.336	0.066	0.63 (2, 91)	.536
Efficiency
Group	4.59 (1, 77)	.035	0.056	0.18 (1, 16)	.677	0.011	0.17 (1, 17)	.682
Pl	31.3 (1, 77)	<.001	0.289	11.9 (1, 16)	.003	0.428	8.65 (1, 30)	.006
Pl × Group	1.53 (1, 77)	.22	0.019	0.11 (1, 16)	.742	0.007	0.1 (1, 18)	.750
Neg	144 (2, 154)	<.001	0.652	74.4 (2, 32) <	.001	0.823	49.1 (2, 70)	.000
Neg × Group	7.47 (2, 154)	.001	0.088	0.42 (2, 32)	.660	0.026	0.4 (2, 36)	.674
Pl × Neg	19.8 (2, 154)	<.001	0.204	7.26 (2, 32)	.003	0.312	5.31 (2, 58)	.008
Pl × Neg × Group	0.31 (2, 154)	.737	0.004	0.63 (2, 32)	.537	0.038	0.21 (2, 160)	.814

Note. F1 = analysis by subjects; F2 = analysis by items; minF′ = combined results of by-subject and by-item analyses (see text for description). Group = factor variable with two levels (younger adults and older adults); Pl = factor variable with two levels (plausible and implausible); Neg = factor variable with three levels (0-, 1-, and 2-negative).