Figure 3.

Graphical display of the QTL detected by multi-trait QTL analysis for relative net root growth (RNRG) after 5 d at {27} µM Al³⁺ in nutrient solution, and grain yield (ton ha^–1) under 56% Al saturation stress in the field. The associated tail probability of the Wald statistics, P, is expressed as –log₁₀(p), analogous to the usual LOD score profile. The red horizontal line indicates the significant threshold obtained using a correction for multiple testing following Li and Ji (2005), with a genome wide test level α = 0.05.