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. 2015 Nov 3;157(3):577–584. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000406

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© 2015 International Association for the Study of Pain

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.

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(A) Path analysis diagram that illustrates direct and indirect effects of treatment on PPS improvement. (B) Path analysis results showed a marked direct effect of treatment on PPS improvement at 1 and 2 weeks of treatment. The relationship was reversed for 4 and 8 weeks, indicated by the marked indirect effect by way of DS improvement. DS, depressive symptoms; PPS, physical pain symptoms; w, week(s).