Table 2.
Patient characteristics by study site
| Characteristic | Thailand (N = 596) | Mali (N = 383) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (N = 31) | Group 2 (N = 162) | Group 3 (N = 183) | Group 4 (N = 220) | Group 1 (N = 75) | Group 2 (N = 100) | Group 3 (N = 10) | Group 4 (N = 198) | |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Age (years) | P = 0.39* | P < 0.01 | ||||||||||||||
| < 1 | 1 | 3.2 | 5 | 3.1 | 7 | 3.8 | 69 | 31.4 | 42 | 56.0 | 41 | 41.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 104 | 52.5 |
| 1–4 | 1 | 3.2 | 4 | 2.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 144 | 65.5 | 26 | 34.7 | 44 | 44.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 86 | 43.4 |
| 5–14 | 2 | 6.5 | 3 | 1.9 | 8 | 4.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 9.3 | 15 | 15.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 8 | 4.0 |
| 15–64 | 16 | 51.6 | 89 | 54.9 | 108 | 59.0 | 5 | 2.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 65 + | 11 | 35.5 | 61 | 37.7 | 60 | 32.8 | 2 | 0.9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sex | P = 0.48 | P = 0.67 | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 21 | 67.7 | 98 | 60.5 | 100 | 54.7 | 129 | 58.6 | 42 | 56.0 | 55 | 55.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 121 | 61.1 |
| Diagnosis† | P < 0.01 | P = 0.09 | ||||||||||||||
| Meningitis | 1 | 3.2 | 9 | 5.6 | 1 | 0.6 | 18 | 8.2 | 38 | 50.7 | 37 | 37.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 89 | 45.0 |
| Pneumonia w/ pleural effusion | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.2 | 2 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 2.7 | 3 | 3.0 | 1 | 10.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Pneumonia w/o pleural effusion | 15 | 48.4 | 23 | 14.2 | 36 | 19.7 | 153 | 69.6 | 20 | 26.7 | 23 | 23.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 59 | 29.8 |
| Sepsis | 6 | 19.4 | 69 | 42.6 | 47 | 25.7 | 20 | 9.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.0 |
| Other | 9 | 29.0 | 59 | 36.4 | 97 | 53.0 | 28 | 12.7 | 15 | 20.0 | 35 | 35.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 48 | 24.2 |
| Prior antibiotics‡ | P = 0.03 | P = 0.03 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 8.8 | 24 | 20.0 | 9 | 13.0 | 6 | 8.0 | 15 | 15.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 45 | 22.7 |
| No | 19 | 100.0 | 83 | 91.2 | 96 | 80.0 | 60 | 87.0 | 69 | 92.0 | 85 | 85.0 | 8 | 80.0 | 153 | 77.3 |
| NP carriage | P < 0.01 | |||||||||||||||
| Yes | 7 | 87.5 | 5 | 11.4 | 2 | 12.5 | 90 | 42.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| No | 1 | 12.5 | 39 | 88.6 | 14 | 87.5 | 123 | 57.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Group 1: culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae; Group 2: culture positive for other pathogen; Group 3: alarm positive, subculture negative; Group 4: alarm negative. P values calculated for comparison among groups within each site.
P value comparing age distribution in groups 1–3, excluding group 4 cases that were selected among children < 5 years of age (except for seven patient enrollment errors).
Clinician's diagnosis at time of enrollment; “other” patients in Thailand had a range of syndromes including febrile illness without a focus, urinary tract infections, upper respiratory infections, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, injury, and so on; “other” patients in Mali had febrile illness without a focus (72 outpatients) or other suspected invasive disease (osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, etc.).
Prior antibiotic use based on serum disc antimicrobial activity test result.