Fig. 5.

Cell model. Left: A nanoparticle of radius R surrounded by its interface layer of thickness Δ. Right: Cubic lattice model of a nanofluid. Cells containing a box with a particle at their center are occupied by a nanoparticle including its interface layer. Cells may by occupied multiple times. Depicted is a single double occupied cell. Empty cells contain bulk base fluid, i.e., base fluid not affected by the presence of nanoparticles