Table 2.
Overview of available papers in literature on extrapulmonary IFIs by site of infection
| Site | Author date | Journal | Type of IFI | No of patients | Relevant comment or finding of FDG-PET |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | Hot et al. [50] | Clin Microbiol Infect | Aspergillus | 1 | 3 liver lesions noted |
| Liver | Candida | 10 | More lesion found by FDG-PET in the liver (3 cases). CT and US did not see lesion in one case | ||
| Liver | Miyazaki et al. [80] | Ann Hematol | Yeast-like | 1 | Useful for therapy monitoring |
| Liver | Xu et al. [73] | Clin Nucl Med | Candida | 3 | Useful for therapy monitoring |
| Liver | Teyton et al. [85] | Clin Nucl Med | Candida | Useful for therapy monitoring | |
| Liver | Avet et al. [52] | EJNMMI | Candida | 1 | Detected after completion of antifungal therapy |
| Liver | Sharma et al. [49] | AJR Am J Roentgenol | Candida | 1 | FDG-PET found more lesions than CT |
| Spleen | Hot et al. [50] | Clin Microbiol Infect | Candida | 7 | FDG-PET found more lesions in the spleen in 3 cases |
| Spleen | Tibúrcio et al. [76] | BMC Pediatr | Candida | 1 | FDG-PET Helps in showing IFI metastatic foci when other modalities were equivocal |
| Spleen | Avet et al. [52] | EJNMMI | Candida | 1 | Detected active lesion after completion of antifungal therapy |
| Spleen | Teyton et al. [85] | Clin Nucl Med | Candida | 1 | Useful for therapy monitoring |
| Spleen | Ritz et al. [95] | Eur J Pediatr | Zygomycosis | 1 | Detection of occult (extra pulmonary) lesion and therapy monitoring |
| Kidneys | Avet et al. [52] | EJNMI | Candida | 1 | Detected active lesion after completion of antifungal chemotherapy |
| Bones | Sharma et al. [49] | Sharma P et al. 2014 | Cryptococcus | 1 | FDG-PET shows systemic IFIs involving bone |
| Mucormycosis | |||||
| Bone | Hot et al. [50] | Clin Microbiol Infect | Mycetoma | 2 | FDG-PET demonstrates soft tissue and bone involvement |
| Joints | Phomopsis | 1 | |||
| Bone | Wang et al. [59] | Int J Infect Dis | Cryptococcus | Mimics metastatic cancer-primary in lung | |
| Bone | Karunanithi et al. [78] | Clin Nucl Med | Histoplasma | 1 | Useful for rare presentation of IFIs- isolated sternum |
| Bone | Morooka et al. [83] | Jpn J Radiol | Candida | 1 | Directed biopsy to diagnose IFI |
| Joints | Fuster D et al. [46] | EJNMMI | Aspergillus | 1 | Diagnosed IFI spondylodiscitis when MRI did not |
| Adrenal gland | Altinmakas et al. [77] | Clin Imaging | Candida | 1 | 1. Alerts the possibility of IFIs when intense bilateral adrenal uptake is observed 2. Therapy monitoring for Refs. [88, 89] in addition to above |
| Histoplasma | 1 | ||||
| Sharma et al. [49] | AJR Am J Roentgenol | Cryptococcus | 1 | ||
| Histoplasma | 1 | ||||
| Padma et al. [87] | Indian J Med Res | Histoplasma | 1 | ||
| Kasaliwal et al. [88] | Clin Nucl Med | Histoplasma | 1 | ||
| Tsai et al. [89] | Clin Imaging | Histoplasma | 1 | ||
| Umoeka et al. [90] | Eur Radiol | Histoplasma | 1 | ||
| CNS | Hanson MW et al. [86] | J Comput Assist Tomogr | Aspergilloma | 1 | FDG-PET useful for guiding biopsy |
| CNS | Dubbioso et al. [92] | J Neurol Sci | Cryptococcus | 1 | Useful for therapy monitoring Rare CNS presentation |
| CNS | Chamilos et al. [94] | Med Mycol | Aspergillus | 1 | Revealed an occult infection- whole-body imaging done |
| CNS | Hanson et al. [100] | J Comput Assist Tomogr | Aspergillus | 1 | Detected CNS involvement |
| Kidney | Sharma et al. [49] | AJR Am J Roentgenol | Mucormycosis | 1 | Defined extent of sinusitis and identified involvement of distant organs |
| Urinary bladder | 1 | ||||
| Maxillary sinuses with nasopharynx and bone extension | 1 | ||||
| Hypopharynx | Histoplasma | 1 | Lesion clearly delineated and distant spread (adrenal) | ||
| Frontal and ethmoidal sinuses | Altini et al. [12] | Clin Nucl Med | Mucormycosis | 1 | Correctly predicted disease progression in contrast to MRI Treatment monitored with FDG |
| Ethnoidal sinus with extension to the nasopharynx and nasal cavity | Liu et al. [57] | Clin Nucl Med | Mucormycosis | 1 | Serial scans helped modify antifungal therapy. |
| Maxillary sinus | Kawabe et al. [99] | Ann Nucl Med | Aspergillus | 1 | Compared to 67Ga citrate uptake |
| Aortic valve (prosthetic) | Wallner et al. [82] | Herz | Candida | 1 | Useful for evaluation of therapy for IFI endocarditis |
| Aorta | Roux et al. [81] | Rev Med Interne | Candida | 1 | Contributed to the diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm |
| Lymph nodes | Sharma et al. [49] | AJR Am J Roentgenol | Cryptococcus | 2 | Mimics malignant metastatic node |
| Lymph nodes | Nakazato et al. [79] | Ann Hematol | Pneumocystis jirovecii | 1 | Useful for early diagnosis of IFI |
| Lymph nodes | Mackie et al. [91] | Clin Nucl Med | Histoplasma | 1 | Mimics malignant metastatic node |
| Muscles and myocardium | Avet et al. [52] | EJNMMI | Candida | 1 | Lesions previously undetected were identified on completion of antifungal therapy |
| Esophagus | Shrikanthan et al. [84] | Clin Nucl Med. | Candida | 1 | Uptake concealed esophageal cancer |