Table 1.

Examples of NCCAs related studies

		Ref. #
(I) General description and classification of NCCAs	Wolman SR et al. (1984). Can Genet Cytogenet 16: 49-64	[22]
	Casalone R et al. (1992). Hum Genet 90(1–2): 71-8	[86]
	Mandahl N et al. (1994). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9(3): 207-15	[87]
	Atkin NB et al. (2003). Cytogenet Cell Genet 101(2): 99-102	[25]
	Roschke AV et al. (2003). Cancer Res 63(24): 8634-47	[45]
	Heng HH et al. (2006). J Cell Biochem 98: 1424-35	[17]
	Heng HH et al. (2006). Genome 49: 195-204	[18]
	Mitelman F (2006). NCI, NIH, USA	[42]
	Bayani J et al. (2007). Semin Cancer Biol 17(1): 5-18	[15]
(II) Variable forms of NCCAs have been reported
Various numerical/ structural aberrations	Erenpreisa J et al. (2005). Cell Biol Int 29(12): 1005-11	[88]
	Erenpreisa J et al. (2010). Oncogene 29(40): 5447-51	[89]
Chromosome fragmentations (C-Frag)	Stevens JB et al. (2007). Cancer Res 67 (16): 7686-94	[90]
Sticky chromosomes	Heng HH et al. (2013). Cytogenet Genome Res 139(3): 144-57	[66]
Chromosome bridge	Gisselsson D (2001). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol 5(3): 236-43	[91]
Defective mitotic figures (DMF)	Heng H et al. (1988). Mutat Res 199(1): 199-205	[32]
	Smith L et al. (2001). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(23): 13300-5	[92]
Genome/ karyotype/ chromosome chaos	Heng HH (2006). J Cell Physiol 208: 461-72	[16]
	Duesberg P (2007). Sci Am 296(5): 52-9	[39]
	Heng HH (2007). FASEB: Nuclear Structure and Cancer	[55]
	Liu G et al. (2014). Cell Cycle 13(4): 528-37	[62]
Karyoplast budding	Walen KH (2005). Cell Biol Int 29(12): 1057-65	[93]
Giant nuclei	Walen KH (2010). Cell Biol Int 34(8): 867-72	[94]
	Heng HH et al. (2013). Cytogenet Genome Res 139(3): 144-57	[66]
	Liu G et al. (2014). Cell Cycle 13(4): 528-37	[62]
	Zhang S et al. (2014). Oncogene 33(1): 116-28	[69]
(III) Mechanism of NCCAs	Heng HH et al. (2006). J Cell Physiol 208: 461-72	[16]
	Heng HH et al. (2011). Genomics 98(4): 242-52	[49]
	Vincent MD (2011). Adv Cancer Res 112: 283-350	[95]
	Stepanenko AA et al. (2012). Biopolymers and Cell 28(4):267-80	[96]
	Huang S (2013). Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4): 423-48	[97]
	Duesberg P & McCormack (2013). Cell Cycle 12(5):783-802	[98]
	Horne SD et al. (2014). Front Genet 134(9): 2074-87	[65]
	Horne SD et al. (2015). eLS: 1-9	[12]
(IV) Significance of NCCAs; they are linked to:
Chromosomal instability (CIN)	Barrios L et al. (1991). Hum Genet 88: 39-41	[28]
	Gisselsson D et al. (2001). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(22): 12683–8.	[99]
	Ye C et al. (2007). Cytogenet Genome Res 18: 237-46	[11]
	Foster N et al. (2009). Cytogenet Genome Res 127(1): 9-20	[38]
	Ye C et al. (2009). J Cell Physiol 219: 288-300	[59]
	Heng HH et al. (2013). Cytogenet Genome Res 139(3): 144-57	[66]
	Jackson TR et al. (2013). Cell Cycle 12(3): 430-41	[70]
Gene defects	Shen KC et al. (2005). Cancer Res 65: 8747-53	[9]
	Heng HH et al. (2006). J Cell Phyisol 208: 461-72	[16]
	Sharpless NE et al. (2001). Mol Cell 8(6): 1187-96	[46]
Environmental stress	Stevens JB et al. (2011). Cell Death Dis 2: e178 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.60.	[100]
Disease conditions/ prediction, as well as normal tissue/aging processes	Hsu TC (1983). Hereditas 98: 1-9	[33]
	Biesterfeld S et al. (1994). J Clin Pathol 47(1): 38-42	[101]
	Spitz MR et al. (1994). Cancer Detect Prev 18: 299-303	[102]
	Hagmar L et al. (1998). Recent Results Cancer Res 154: 177-84	[31]
	Bonassi S et al. (2000). Cancer Res 60: 1619-25	[29]
	Karashima T et al. (2000). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 120(2): 148-54	[103]
	López de Mesa R et al. (2000). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 121(1): 78–85.	[104]
	Kasahara K et al. (2002). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 137(1): 59-63	[105]
	El-Zein R et al. (2005). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14: 748-52	[30]
	Kolusayin Ozar MO et al. (2005). J Exp Clin Cancer Res 24: 217-22	[34]
	Petersen I et al. (2009). Lung Cancer 65(3): 312-8	[106]
	Fenech M (2011). Mutagenesis 26(1): 63-7	[107]
	Heng HH et al. (2016). Curr Genomics (submitted)	[108]
Chemotherapy/radiation treatment (and they occur in the development of resistance)	Scott D et al. (1999). Int J Radiat Biol 75: 1	[36]
	Duesberg P et al. (2007). Drug Resist Updat 10(1–2): 51-8	[40]
	Heng HH et al. (2010). Curr Drug Targets 11: 1304-16	[56]
Evolutionary potential (both in vitro and in vivo)	Rancati G et al. (2008). Cell 135(5): 879-93	[109]
	Heng HH et al. (2009). Bioessays 31(5): 512-25	[48]
	Pearse AM et al. (2012). Cancer Genet 205(3): 101-12	[110]
	Potopova TA et al. (2013). Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4): 377-89	[111]
	Stepanenko A et al. (2015). Mutat Res 771: 56-69	[58]