Fig. 3.

Scheme of the molecular mechanisms that systematic exposure to cigarette smoke can influence during carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. Different components of cigarette smoke can induce mechanisms, at transcriptional level, that promote the expression of anti-apoptotic and mitotic checkpoints genes. Solid lines indicate a mechanism or pathway established experimentally. Dashed lines indicate a mechanism or pathway not determined yet. Arrowheads indicate upregulation and flattened heads indicate downregulation