. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Drug Policy. 2015 Aug 13;28:120–123. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.08.005

Table.

Implementation of a prescriber-accessible prescription monitoring program and rates of emergency department visits involving benzodiazepine misuse in 11 United States metropolitan areas, 2004–2011

	Mean absolute difference in quarterly emergency department visits per 100 000 population (95% CI)
	Model 1^a	Model 2
PMP implementation	0.8 (−0.1, 1.8)	—

Years since PMP implementation	—

1		0.8 (0.2, 1.5)^*

2		0.3 (−2.1, 2.8)

3 or later		2.1 (−0.4, 4.7)

Both models adjust for metropolitan area, calendar quarter, and metropolitan area-specific linear time trends. Coefficients for these terms are available in Supplementary Table 1.

P ≤ 0.05