Table 1.
Characteristics of cohort studies that reported the relation between DM and VTE.
| First author, publication year |
Study location |
Source of participants |
No. of participants (cases/ cohort size) |
Period of recruitment |
Follow- up time, years |
Age at baseline, years |
BMI at baseline, kg/m2 |
Distribution by race |
Measurement of DM |
Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goldhaber (1997) | United States (Nurses’ Health Study) |
Female registered nurses |
280/112,822 | 1976 | Max: 16 | Range: 30–55 | Mean: 23.8 | 97.6% white | Self-report | PE, based on imaging techniques (pulmonary angiogram, VQ scan) or autopsy |
| Cushman (2004) | United States (Women’s Health Initiative) |
Post-menopausal women from 40 clinical centers |
243/16,608 | 1993–98 | Mean: 5.6 | Mean: 63.2, Range: 50–79 |
Mean: 28.4 | 84% white, 7% African American |
Self-report | VTE, based on imaging techniques (CTPA, pulmonary angiogram, ultrasound, venogram, VQ scan) or plethysmography |
| Glynn (2005) | United States (Physicians’ Health Study) |
Male physicians | 358/18,662 | 1982 | Median: 20.1 |
Range: 40–84 | Mean ± SD: 24.9 ± 3.0 |
94% white | Self-report | VTE, based on imaging techniques (pulmonary angiogram, ultrasound, venogram, VQ scan) or autopsy |
| Mahmoodi (2009) | Netherlands (PREVEND Study) |
Inhabitants of Groningen, Netherlands |
129/8,574 | 1997–98 | Mean: 8.6 | Mean ± SD: 49 ± 13 |
Mean ± SD: 26.1 ± 4.2 |
99% white | Fasting glucose level ≥7 mmol/l, nonfasting glucose level ≥11.1 mmol/l, or use of oral antidiabetic drugs. Insulin-dependent DM excluded. |
VTE, based on imaging techniques (CTPA, ultrasound, VQ scan) or autopsy |
| Holst (2010) | Denmark (Copenhagen City Heart Study) |
Inhabitants of Copenhagen, Denmark |
969/18,954 | 1976–78, 1981–83, 1991–93, and 2002– 03 |
Median: 19.5 |
Mean: 51.3 | Mean: 25.0 | >99% persons of Danish descent |
Self-report or nonfasting glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/l |
VTE, based on national registries (ICD-8 codes 451, 451.0, 451.9, 671, 450, 673.9 for 1977–1993 and ICD-10 codes I80.1, I80.2, I80.3, O22.3, O87.1, I26.0, I26.9 since 1994) |
| Lutsey (2010) | Iowa (IWHS) |
Iowa women from the state driver’s list |
2,137/40,377 | 1986 | Max: 18 | Range: 55– 69 |
NS | 99% white | Self-report | VTE, based on discharge diagnosis records (ICD codes 415.1x, 451.1x, 451.2, 451.81, 451.9, 453.0, 453.1, 453.2, 453.3, 453.4x, 453.8, 453.9) |
| Brækkan (2012) | Norway (Tromsø Study) |
Inhabitants of Tromsø, Norway |
437/26,185 | 1994–95 | Median: 10.8 |
Mean ± SD: 46 ± 5, Range: 25– 97 |
Mean: 25.2 | 87.3% Norwegians, 1.6% of Sami ethnicity, 1.3% of Finnish descent, 2.2% of other ethnicities, and 7.6% without information about ethnicity |
Self-report | VTE, based on imaging techniques (pulmonary angiogram, spiral CT, ultrasound, venogram, VQ scan); or autopsy |
| Sveinsdottir (2013) | Sweden (Malmö Preventive Study) |
Male inhabitants of Malmö, Sweden |
398/6,068 | 1974–82 | Mean: 26.2 | Mean: 46.8 | Mean: 25.0 | Almost exclusively white |
Fasting glucose level ≥6.1 mmol/l or current use of any DM medication |
VTE, based on Swedish hospital discharge register (ICD-8 codes 450– 451, ICD-9 codes 415B or 451, and ICD-10 codes I26 and I80) |
| Unpublished data from ARIC |
United States |
Middle-aged adults from 4 communities in the United States |
775/15,234 | 1987–89 | Median: 22.5 |
Mean ± SD: 54.1 ± 5.8 |
Mean ± SD: 27.7 ± 5.3 |
72.9% white, 27.1% African American |
Fasting glucose level ≥7 mmol/l, non-fasting glucose level ≥11.1 mmol/l, physician diagnosis of DM, or current use of any DM medication |
VTE, based on imaging techniques (CTPA, pulmonary angiogram, ultrasound, venogram, VQ scan) or autopsy |
| Unpublished data from CHS |
United States |
Medicare eligibility lists from 4 communities in the United States |
175/5,469 | 1989–90 and 1992– 93 |
Median: 11.6 |
Mean ± SD: 72.8 ± 5.6 |
Mean ± SD: 26.6 ± 4.7 |
83.7% white, 16.3% African American |
Fasting glucose level ≥7 mmol/l, non-fasting glucose level ≥11.1 mmol/l, physician diagnosis of DM, or current use of any DM medication |
VTE, based on imaging techniques (CTPA, pulmonary angiogram, ultrasound, venogram, VQ scan), or autopsy |
| Unpublished data from REGARDS |
United States |
African Americans and whites ≥45 years of age in the contiguous United States |
246/25,948 | 2003–2007 | Mean ± SD in African Americans: 4.6 ± 1.7; Mean ± SD in whites: 4.7 ± 1.6 |
Mean ± SD in African Americans: 64.1 ± 9.3; Mean ± SD in whites: 65.4 ± 9.5 |
Mean ± SD in African Americans: 30.8 ± 6.7; Mean ± SD in whites: 28.3 ± 5.6 |
59.0% white, 41.0% African American |
Fasting glucose level ≥7 mmol/l, non-fasting glucose level ≥11.1 mmol/l, participant report of DM, or current use of any DM medication |
VTE, based on imaging techniques or autopsy |
ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; CT, computed tomography; CTPA, computed tomography pulmonary angiography; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; IWHS, Iowa Women’s Health Study; NS, not specified; PE, pulmonary embolism; PREVEND, Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; VTE, venous thromboembolism; VQ scan, ventilation-perfusion lung scan.