Table 1. Differences in heart failure phenotype between young and older adult subjects.

	Older adults	Younger subjects
Predominant heart failure	HFPEF	HFREF
Gender	Frequently female	More often male
Physical findings	Minimally displaced apical impulse, S4	Laterally displaced maximal impulse, S3
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms	Age related changes in cardiovascular structure and function, oxidative stress, vascular stiffness, skeletal muscle abnormalities	Ischemic heart disease, neurohormonal activation, LV remoldeling/dilation,
Potential targets of therapy	BP regulation, exercise training, peripheral targets	Enhance SV, neurohormonal blockade, decrease LV remodeling

BP: blood pressure; HFPEF: heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function; HFREF: HF with reduced ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular; SV: stroke volume.