Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the study population.

Variables	No HF recorded, n = 389	Diagnosed with HF, n = 112	P-value
Age, yrs	82 ± 7	83 ± 7	0.114
Gender, male	131 (34%)	48 (43%)	0.074
Psychogeriatric	259 (67%)	67 (60%)	0.186
NYHA-class
Class I	260 (67%)	47 (41%)	< 0.001
Class II	74 (19%)	34 (31%)	0.023
Class III	36 (9%)	21 (29%)	0.014
Class IV	19 (5%)	9 (8%)	0.336
Symptoms
Edema	203 (52%)	72 (64%)	0.018
Orthopnea	38 (10%)	24 (21%)	< 0.001
Cardiac history
Hypertension	181 (47%)	55 (49%)	0.63
Myocardial infarction	51 (13%)	30 (27%)	0.001
Arrhythmia	60 (15%)	39 (35%)	< 0.001
Coronary ischaemia	73 (19%)	40 (36%)	0.001
Valvular heart disease	20 (5%)	18 (16%)	0.001
Coronary bypass graft	27 (7%)	13 (12%)	0.275
Pace maker	13 (3%)	6 (5%)	0.603
Co-morbidity
Diabetes mellitus	79 (20%)	28 (25%)	0.286
COPD	51 (13%)	32 (29%)	< 0.001
CVA	162 (42%)	45 (40%)	0.781
Renal insufficiency, eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2	106 (27%)	56 (50%)	< 0.001
Anaemia	114 (29%)	43 (38%)	0.058
Cardiac risk factors
BMI, kg/m2	25 ± 5	26 ± 5	0.224
Hypercholesterolaemia	105 (27%)	25 (22%)	0.520
Smoking	54 (14%)	14 (13%)	0.931
Heart rate, beats/min	73 ± 13	73 ± 15	0.921
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	142 ± 24	132 ± 29	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	76 ± 14	72 ± 15	0.026
Creatinine, µmol/L	83 ± 45	102 ± 66	0.001
Echocardiography
LVEF, n = 405	56% ± 11%	52% ± 14%	0.001
LVEF > 40%	276 (71%)	75 (67%)	0.002
LVEF ≤ 40%	32 (8%)	22 (20%)
Unknown	81 (21%)	15 (13%)

Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accidents; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.