Table 5.

Characteristics of the items children named rarely, sometimes, and frequently in their non-dominant language during either-language naming.

Characteristic	Proportion of time children chose non-dominant language			Rarely vs. Freqb
	Rarely (n=11)	Sometimes (n=21)	Frequently (n=10)
	11.3 – 17.1%	17.2 – 33.3%	33.8 – 46.0%
Mean accuracy during naming in dom. langa	0.82	0.89	0.97	ct=4.87***
Mean accuracy during naming in non-dom. langa	0.16	0.46	0.83	t=16.23***
Mean RT (ms) during naming in dom. langa	1385	1301	1166	t=4.57***
Mean RT (ms) during naming in non-dom. langa	1607	1551	1309	ct=3.14**
Mean English frequency (natural log)	2.41	3.21	4.04	t=2.21*
Mean Spanish frequency (natural log)	2.29	3.01	3.82	t=2.21*
% items acquired by 16 months (Eng)	27%	67%	70%	χ2=5.46
% items acquired by 16 months (Span)	18%	62%	80%	χ2=8.95*
% of items with no alt. names (Eng)	55%	52%	70%	χ2=0.90
% of items with no alt. names (Span)	46%	33%	90%	χ2=8.82*

^***p≤.001,

^**p<.01,

^*p<.01

^aAccuracy and RT data are averaged across participants for each item during single-language naming in the children’s dominant and non-dominant languages.

^bFor continuous variables (i.e., accuracy, RT, frequency), values for items named rarely in the non-dominant language were compared to values for items named frequently in the non-dominant language using independent-samples t-tests. For categorical variables (i.e., early-acquired; no alternate names), Chi-square tests were used to determine if the proportion of items with these characteristics differed significantly across frequency categories (rarely, sometimes, often).

^cIn these comparisons, Levene’s test indicated unequal variances across groups. Adjusted df and t values where equal variances were not assumed were used for significance testing.