Table 1.
General characteristics of GDM women by incident diabetes during follow-up
| Non-diabetes | Diabetes | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 1180 | 83 | |
| Age mean (years) | 32.4 ± 3.5 | 32.6 ± 3.8 | 0.47 |
| Gestational week at OGTT during pregnancy | 27.2 ± 1.7 | 27.2 ± 1.7 | 0.87 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) during pregnancy | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | <.001 |
| 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) during pregnancy | 9.1 ± 1.17 | 10.5 ± 1.8 | <.001 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/moL) during pregnancy | 5.8 (40) ± 0.6 | 6.2 (44) ± 1.8 | <.001 |
| Prepregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 25.6 ± 3.7 | <.001 |
| Weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 16.9 ± 6.0 | 14.6 ± 5.9 | <.001 |
| Current body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.8 | 27.3 ± 4.0 | <.001 |
| Current diet | |||
| Energy consumption (kcal/day) | 1691 ± 442 | 1708 ± 418 | 0.74 |
| Fiber (g/day) | 10.4 ± 4.1 | 10.5 ± 4.5 | 0.80 |
| Protein (% energy) | 16.4 ± 2.7 | 16.0 ± 2.4 | 0.21 |
| Fat (% energy) | 33.5 ± 6.4 | 33.3 ± 6.4 | 0.81 |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 7.9 ± 2.2 | 0.57 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 50.1 ± 7.2 | 50.7 ± 7.1 | 0.50 |
| Education (%) | 0.062 | ||
| <13 years | 21.4 | 32.5 | |
| 13–16 years | 70.9 | 61.4 | |
| ≥17 years | 7.6 | 6.0 | |
| Marriage (%) | 99.0 | 98.8 | 0.59 |
| Family income (%) | 0.007 | ||
| 5000 Yuan/month | 26.6 | 41.0 | |
| 5000–7999 Yuan/month | 36.9 | 36.1 | |
| ≥8000 Yuan/month | 36.5 | 22.9 | |
| Alcohol drinkers (%) | 0.63 | ||
| Never | 75.6 | 71.1 | |
| Pass | 4.6 | 4.8 | |
| Current | 19.8 | 24.1 | |
| Smoking (%) | 0.55 | ||
| Never | 94.3 | 96.4 | |
| Pass | 3.4 | 1.2 | |
| Current | 2.3 | 2.4 | |
| Passive smoking (%) | 53.6 | 60.2 | 0.26 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 33.8 | 57.8 | <.001 |
| Leisure time physical activity (%) | 0.66 | ||
| 0 min/day | 82.5 | 81.9 | |
| 1–29 min/day | 15.4 | 14.5 | |
| ≥30 min/day | 2.1 | 3.6 |
Values represent mean ± SD or percentage.