. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 14.

Published in final edited form as: Health Econ. 2014 Jul 30;24(10):1348–1367. doi: 10.1002/hec.3092

Table 1.

Estimated marginal effects derived from the multivariate probit model.

	Total effects of lifestyles	Effects in individual equations^c

	Dead	Dead	Cancer	Circulat.	Stroke	Respir.	Digest.	Genito.	Nonsmoker	Exercise	Not overweight
Health events
Cancer		0.137^***
Circulatory		0.010
Stroke		0.094^***
Respiratory		0.098^*
Digestive		0.074^*
Genitourinary		0.025

Lifestyles
Nonsmoker	−0.036^b	−0.031^***	−0.007	−0.009	−0.016^***	−0.003	−0.009^***	0.003
Exercise	−0.037^b	−0.034^***	−0.008	−0.008	−0.006^*	−0.004	−0.003	−0.002
Not overweight	−0.009^b	−0.006	−0.008	−0.007	−0.005	−0.003	−0.008^***	0.001

Age/gender^a
Male 40–50		0.000	−0.032^***	0.010^**	0.002^***	−0.001	−0.002	−0.007^***	−0.045^***	−0.031^**	−0.155^***
Male 50–60		0.031^***	−0.012^*	0.033^***	0.009	0.003	0.000	−0.006^***	−0.003	−0.103^***	−0.219^***
Female 50–60		0.001	−0.006	0.007^*	0.002	−0.002	−0.004	0.010^***	0.095^***	−0.007	−0.070^***
Male 60–70		0.100^***	0.039^***	0.080^***	0.032^***	0.015^***	0.000	0.003	0.100^***	−0.100^***	−0.163^***
Female 60–70		0.036^***	0.007	0.028^***	0.011^***	0.003	−0.001	0.019^***	0.197^***	−0.027	−0.135^***
Male 70–80		0.273^***	0.072^***	0.107^***	0.064^***	0.025^***	0.002	0.010^**	0.132^***	−0.157^***	−0.077^***
Female 70–80		0.138^***	0.024^***	0.052^***	0.037^***	0.015^***	0.006	0.020^***	0.293^***	−0.110^***	−0.104^***
Male 80+		0.571^***	0.016	0.044^***	0.021^***	0.050^***	0.014	−0.002	0.231^***	−0.299^***	−0.051
Female 80+		0.400^***	0.012	0.041^***	0.064^***	0.026^***	0.008	0.006	0.358^***	−0.261^***	−0.071^**

Education^a
Lower voc.		−0.015^**	−0.002	−0.002	−0.002	0.003	0.000	−0.001	0.048^***	0.077^***	0.021^*
Lower gen.		−0.026^**	0.004	−0.001	−0.002	0.003	0.002	0.004	0.057^***	0.125^***	0.090^***
Higher sec.		−0.017^**	0.002	−0.006	−0.001	−0.003	0.002	0.008^***	0.072^***	0.162^***	0.086^***
Higher educ.		−0.021^**	−0.002	−0.014^**	−0.004	0.003	−0.001	−0.002	0.132^***	0.275^***	0.162^***

Home owner		−0.019^***	−0.005	−0.004	−0.001	−0.003	−0.002	−0.003^*	0.075^***	0.096^***	0.051^***

Married		−0.024^***	0.002	0.001	0.001	−0.002	−0.001	−0.001	0.078^***	0.043^***	−0.039^***

Has children		−0.029^***	−0.012^**	−0.001	−0.006	−0.004	−0.004	0.012^***	0.018	−0.037^***	0.035^***

Religion^a
Catholic									0.014	0.022^*	−0.019
Dutch reformed									0.034^***	−0.043^***	−0.040^***
Presbyterian									0.069^***	−0.033^*	0.033^*
Muslim									0.115^***	−0.190^***	−0.198^***
Other/none									0.069^***	−0.062^***	0.014

Region^a
North									−0.033^**	−0.036^**	−0.047^***
East									−0.025^**	−0.012	−0.001
South									−0.032^***	−0.015	0.001

Urbanization^a
Very high									−0.047^***	−0.00428	0.039^**
High									−0.027^***	−0.004	0.012
Average									−0.023^*	0.003	0.027^*
Low									−0.013	0.009	0.020

Mc Fadden’s R²	0.004

Reference categories described in Appendix A.

We have not calculated the statistical significance of total effects

^{c ***, ** and *}

represent significance of the corresponding estimated coefficient in the multivariate probit model at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively