Table 1.
Sociodemographic Factors, Health Behaviors, and High Levels of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence and Adulthood by Sex (n = 12,657), National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, 1994–2008
| Demographic or Health Factor | Men (n = 6,032) |
Women (n = 6,625) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | % | SE | Mean | % | SE | |
| Age at adolescent interview (wave 1) | 16.0 | 0.03 | 15.9 | 0.03 | ||
| Age at adult interview (wave 4) | 29.0 | 0.03 | 28.9 | 0.03 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 67.4 | 0.80 | 66.2 | 0.78 | ||
| Black | 14.4 | 0.58 | 16.1 | 0.55 | ||
| Hispanic | 11.6 | 0.54 | 11.9 | 0.58 | ||
| Asian | 3.4 | 0.28 | 3.3 | 0.29 | ||
| Other | 3.2 | 0.33 | 2.5 | 0.25 | ||
| Highest educational level | ||||||
| Less than high school | 10.1 | 0.56 | 7.6 | 0.49 | ||
| High school graduate | 25.0 | 0.78 | 17.2 | 0.64 | ||
| Some college | 38.6 | 0.85 | 42.5 | 0.83 | ||
| College graduate or higher | 26.3 | 0.78 | 32.7 | 0.78 | ||
| Adult physical activitya | 57.4 | 0.88 | 50.6 | 0.84 | ||
| Adult current daily smokingb | 27.8 | 0.80 | 23.1 | 0.72 | ||
| Adult obesityc | 36.3 | 0.85 | 38.3 | 0.83 | ||
| Adult alcohol consumptiond | 54.5 | 0.88 | 57.6 | 0.83 | ||
| Adult sleep <6 hours per night | 16.1 | 0.68 | 10.4 | 0.51 | ||
| Depression category and timinge | ||||||
| Lowf | 76.1 | 0.75 | 64.11 | 0.81 | ||
| High in adolescence only | 10.7 | 0.54 | 16.5 | 0.62 | ||
| High in adulthood only | 8.7 | 0.50 | 10.8 | 0.56 | ||
| High in adolescence and adulthood | 4.5 | 0.38 | 8.5 | 0.45 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| No diabetes | 96.6 | 0.32 | 96.2 | 0.30 | ||
| Diabetes | 3.4 | 0.32 | 3.8 | 0.30 | ||
| HbA1c ≥6.5% and medication use | 0.4 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.10 | ||
| HbA1c ≥6.5% and no medication use | 2.9 | 0.30 | 2.5 | 0.23 | ||
| HbA1c <6.5% and medication use | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.8 | 0.16 | ||
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SE, standard error.
a Physical activity was defined as 5 or more bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week.
b Current daily smoking was defined as smoking at least 1 cigarette per day in the previous 30 days.
c Body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) greater than 30 was categorized as obesity.
d Alcohol consumption was defined as consuming more than 2 drinks per drinking occasion for men and as consuming more than 1 drink per drinking occasion for women.
e High levels of depressive symptoms were defined as a score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale of 16 or higher on the 20-item version (administered to the sample during adolescence) or 11 or higher on the 10-item version (used in the wave 4 follow-up interview in adulthood).
f In this group, there were few or no symptoms of depression at both time points.