Table 2.

Associations Between Depression and Cognitive Change Obtained Using Different Specifications of Practice Effects (Balanced Data), With Years Elapsed Since Baseline as the Time Scale, in the Three-City Study–Dijon (Dijon, France, 1999–2010), the Normative Aging Study (Greater Boston, Massachusetts, 1993–2007), and the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (New York City, New York, 1999–2012)

Variable	Specification of Practice Effects
	No Practice Effects				Visit 1 Indicator				No. of Prior Tests				Square Root of No. of Prior Tests
	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC
Verbal Fluency in 3C-Dijon
Depressiona	−0.56	−0.94, −0.17	0.01	52,227.0	−0.55	−0.94, −0.17	0.01	52,136.0	−0.55	−0.94, −0.16	0.01	52,205.0	−0.55	−0.94, −0.16	0.01	52,146.0
PEs					0.72	0.58, 0.87	<0.01		0.59	0.35, 0.82	<0.01		0.80	0.63, 0.97	<0.01
Timeb	−0.14	−0.15, −0.12	<0.01		−0.20	−0.22, −0.18	<0.01		−0.40	−0.50, −0.29	<0.01		−0.30	−0.34, −0.26	<0.01
Verbal Fluency in WHICAP
Depression	−0.49	−1.22, 0.23	0.18	12,007.5	−0.49	−1.22, 0.23	0.19	12,006.4	−0.49	−1.22, 0.24	0.19	12,008.0	−0.49	−1.22, 0.24	0.19	12,006.2
PEs					0.37	−0.05, 0.79	0.08		0.39	−0.24, 1.03	0.23		0.48	−0.04, 1.00	0.07
Time	−0.23	−0.28, −0.18	<0.01		−0.27	−0.34, −0.21	<0.01		−0.38	−0.63, −0.13	<0.01		−0.33	−0.45, −0.21	<0.01
Verbal Fluency in NAS
Depression	0.11	−1.21, 1.43	0.87	5,605.0	0.11	−1.22, 1.43	0.87	5,606.7	0.13	−1.19, 1.45	0.85	5,606.1	0.11	−1.21, 1.43	0.87	5,607.0
PEs					0.21	−0.53, 0.96	0.57		−0.42	−1.27, 0.43	0.33		−0.01	−0.92, 0.91	0.98
Time	−0.14	−0.2, −0.07	<0.01		−0.16	−0.27, −0.05	<0.01		−0.03	−0.25, 0.19	0.78		−0.13	−0.31, 0.04	0.13
Buschke Selective Reminding Test in WHICAP
Depression	−0.93	−2.53, 0.68	0.26	14,834.1	−0.93	−2.53, 0.68	0.26	14,836.0	−0.93	−2.53, 0.68	0.26	14,836.1	−0.93	−2.53, 0.68	0.26	14,836.0
PEs					0.12	−0.69, 0.92	0.77		0.09	−1.14, 1.32	0.88		0.09	−0.90, 1.09	0.85
Time	−0.50	−0.59, −0.41	<0.01		−0.51	−0.64, −0.38	<0.01		−0.54	−1.01, −0.06	0.03		−0.52	−0.75, −0.29	<0.01
Immediate Recall in NAS
Depression	0.03	−1.04, 1.1	0.95	5,137.7	0.03	−1.04, 1.10	0.96	5,137.9	0.03	−1.04, 1.10	0.96	5,139.4	0.03	−1.04, 1.10	0.96	5,138.2
PEs					0.37	−0.17, 0.92	0.18		0.18	−0.47, 0.84	0.58		0.43	−0.26, 1.11	0.22
Time	−0.06	−0.11, −0.02	<0.01		−0.11	−0.19, −0.03	<0.01		−0.11	−0.28, 0.06	0.20		−0.14	−0.27, −0.01	0.03

Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; 3C-Dijon, Three-City Study–Dijon; CI, confidence interval; NAS, Normative Aging Study; PEs, practice effects; WHICAP, Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project.

^a Depression coefficients are for persons diagnosed with depression.

^b Time coefficients are for 1 year of aging.