Table 2.
Variable | Specification of Practice Effects |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Practice Effects |
Visit 1 Indicator |
No. of Prior Tests |
Square Root of No. of Prior Tests |
|||||||||||||
β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | |
Verbal Fluency in 3C-Dijon | ||||||||||||||||
Depressiona | −0.56 | −0.94, −0.17 | 0.01 | 52,227.0 | −0.55 | −0.94, −0.17 | 0.01 | 52,136.0 | −0.55 | −0.94, −0.16 | 0.01 | 52,205.0 | −0.55 | −0.94, −0.16 | 0.01 | 52,146.0 |
PEs | 0.72 | 0.58, 0.87 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.35, 0.82 | <0.01 | 0.80 | 0.63, 0.97 | <0.01 | |||||||
Timeb | −0.14 | −0.15, −0.12 | <0.01 | −0.20 | −0.22, −0.18 | <0.01 | −0.40 | −0.50, −0.29 | <0.01 | −0.30 | −0.34, −0.26 | <0.01 | ||||
Verbal Fluency in WHICAP | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | −0.49 | −1.22, 0.23 | 0.18 | 12,007.5 | −0.49 | −1.22, 0.23 | 0.19 | 12,006.4 | −0.49 | −1.22, 0.24 | 0.19 | 12,008.0 | −0.49 | −1.22, 0.24 | 0.19 | 12,006.2 |
PEs | 0.37 | −0.05, 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.39 | −0.24, 1.03 | 0.23 | 0.48 | −0.04, 1.00 | 0.07 | |||||||
Time | −0.23 | −0.28, −0.18 | <0.01 | −0.27 | −0.34, −0.21 | <0.01 | −0.38 | −0.63, −0.13 | <0.01 | −0.33 | −0.45, −0.21 | <0.01 | ||||
Verbal Fluency in NAS | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | 0.11 | −1.21, 1.43 | 0.87 | 5,605.0 | 0.11 | −1.22, 1.43 | 0.87 | 5,606.7 | 0.13 | −1.19, 1.45 | 0.85 | 5,606.1 | 0.11 | −1.21, 1.43 | 0.87 | 5,607.0 |
PEs | 0.21 | −0.53, 0.96 | 0.57 | −0.42 | −1.27, 0.43 | 0.33 | −0.01 | −0.92, 0.91 | 0.98 | |||||||
Time | −0.14 | −0.2, −0.07 | <0.01 | −0.16 | −0.27, −0.05 | <0.01 | −0.03 | −0.25, 0.19 | 0.78 | −0.13 | −0.31, 0.04 | 0.13 | ||||
Buschke Selective Reminding Test in WHICAP | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | −0.93 | −2.53, 0.68 | 0.26 | 14,834.1 | −0.93 | −2.53, 0.68 | 0.26 | 14,836.0 | −0.93 | −2.53, 0.68 | 0.26 | 14,836.1 | −0.93 | −2.53, 0.68 | 0.26 | 14,836.0 |
PEs | 0.12 | −0.69, 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.09 | −1.14, 1.32 | 0.88 | 0.09 | −0.90, 1.09 | 0.85 | |||||||
Time | −0.50 | −0.59, −0.41 | <0.01 | −0.51 | −0.64, −0.38 | <0.01 | −0.54 | −1.01, −0.06 | 0.03 | −0.52 | −0.75, −0.29 | <0.01 | ||||
Immediate Recall in NAS | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | 0.03 | −1.04, 1.1 | 0.95 | 5,137.7 | 0.03 | −1.04, 1.10 | 0.96 | 5,137.9 | 0.03 | −1.04, 1.10 | 0.96 | 5,139.4 | 0.03 | −1.04, 1.10 | 0.96 | 5,138.2 |
PEs | 0.37 | −0.17, 0.92 | 0.18 | 0.18 | −0.47, 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.43 | −0.26, 1.11 | 0.22 | |||||||
Time | −0.06 | −0.11, −0.02 | <0.01 | −0.11 | −0.19, −0.03 | <0.01 | −0.11 | −0.28, 0.06 | 0.20 | −0.14 | −0.27, −0.01 | 0.03 |
Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; 3C-Dijon, Three-City Study–Dijon; CI, confidence interval; NAS, Normative Aging Study; PEs, practice effects; WHICAP, Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project.
a Depression coefficients are for persons diagnosed with depression.
b Time coefficients are for 1 year of aging.