Table 4.
Variable | Specification of Practice Effects |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Practice Effects |
Visit 1 Indicator |
No. of Prior Tests |
Square Root of No. of Prior Tests |
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β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | β | 95% CI | P Value | AIC | |
Verbal Fluency in 3C-Dijon | ||||||||||||||||
Depressiona | −0.57 | −1.01, −0.14 | 0.01 | 52,229.0 | −0.57 | −1.01, −0.14 | 0.01 | 52,138.0 | −0.58 | −1.01, −0.14 | 0.01 | 52,207.0 | −0.58 | −1.01, −0.14 | 0.01 | 52,148.0 |
Depression × time | 0.00 | −0.05, 0.05 | 0.87 | 0.00 | −0.05, 0.06 | 0.85 | 0.01 | −0.04, 0.06 | 0.82 | 0.01 | −0.05, 0.06 | 0.83 | ||||
PEs | 0.72 | 0.58, 0.87 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.35, 0.82 | <0.01 | 0.80 | 0.63, 0.97 | <0.01 | |||||||
Timeb | −0.14 | −0.15, −0.12 | <0.01 | −0.20 | −0.22, −0.18 | <0.01 | −0.40 | −0.50, −0.29 | <0.01 | −0.30 | −0.34, −0.26 | <0.01 | ||||
Verbal Fluency in WHICAP | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | −0.44 | −1.22, 0.34 | 0.27 | 12,009.3 | −0.44 | −1.22, 0.34 | 0.27 | 12,008.3 | −0.44 | −1.22, 0.34 | 0.27 | 12,009.9 | −0.44 | −1.22, 0.34 | 0.27 | 12,008.1 |
Depression × time | −0.02 | −0.13, 0.08 | 0.70 | −0.02 | −0.13, 0.08 | 0.70 | −0.02 | −0.12, 0.09 | 0.71 | −0.02 | −0.12, 0.08 | 0.71 | ||||
PEs | 0.37 | −0.05, 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.39 | −0.25, 1.03 | 0.23 | 0.48 | −0.04, 0.99 | 0.07 | |||||||
Time | −0.23 | −0.28, −0.17 | <0.01 | −0.27 | −0.34, −0.19 | <0.01 | −0.37 | −0.62, −0.12 | <0.01 | −0.33 | −0.45, −0.20 | <0.01 | ||||
Verbal Fluency in NAS | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | 0.20 | −1.36, 1.76 | 0.80 | 5,607.0 | 0.21 | −1.35, 1.76 | 0.80 | 5,608.6 | 0.19 | −1.37, 1.75 | 0.81 | 5,608.1 | 0.20 | −1.36, 1.76 | 0.80 | 5,609.0 |
Depression × time | −0.02 | −0.24, 0.20 | 0.83 | 0.03 | −0.25, 0.19 | 0.82 | −0.02 | −0.24, 0.2 | 0.89 | −0.02 | −0.24, 0.20 | 0.83 | ||||
PEs | 0.22 | −0.53, 0.96 | 0.57 | −0.42 | −1.27, 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.00 | −0.92, 0.91 | 0.99 | |||||||
Time | −0.13 | −0.2, −0.07 | <0.01 | −0.16 | −0.27, −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.25, 0.19 | 0.78 | −0.13 | −0.31, 0.04 | 0.13 | ||||
Buschke Selective Reminding Test in WHICAP | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | −1.19 | −2.92, 0.53 | 0.18 | 14,835.4 | −1.19 | −2.92, 0.54 | 0.18 | 14,837.3 | −1.19 | −2.92, 0.54 | 0.18 | 14,837.4 | −1.19 | −2.92, 0.54 | 0.18 | 14,837.8 |
Depression × time | 0.08 | −0.12, 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.08 | −0.12, 0.29 | 0.42 | 0.08 | −0.12, 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.08 | −0.12, 0.29 | 0.42 | ||||
PEs | 0.12 | −0.69, 0.92 | 0.77 | 0.10 | −1.13, 1.33 | 0.87 | 0.10 | −0.90, 1.09 | 0.85 | |||||||
Time | −0.53 | −0.64, −0.41 | <0.01 | −0.54 | −0.68, −0.40 | <0.01 | −0.56 | −1.05, −0.08 | 0.02 | −0.55 | −0.78, −0.31 | <0.01 | ||||
Immediate Recall in NAS | ||||||||||||||||
Depression | 0.11 | −1.03, 1.26 | 0.84 | 5,139.6 | 0.12 | −1.02, 1.26 | 0.84 | 5,139.7 | 0.12 | −1.02, 1.26 | 0.84 | 5,141.2 | 0.12 | −1.02, 1.27 | 0.83 | 5,140.0 |
Depression × time | −0.03 | −0.18, 0.12 | 0.69 | −0.04 | −0.19, 0.12 | 0.65 | −0.03 | −0.19, 0.12 | 0.66 | −0.04 | −0.19, 0.12 | 0.64 | ||||
PEs | 0.38 | −0.17, 0.92 | 0.18 | 0.19 | −0.47, 0.85 | 0.56 | 0.44 | −0.25, 1.12 | 0.21 | |||||||
Time | −0.06 | −0.11, −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.11 | −0.19, −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.11 | −0.28, 0.06 | 0.21 | −0.14 | −0.27, −0.01 | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; 3C-Dijon, Three-City Study–Dijon; CI, confidence interval; NAS, Normative Aging Study; PEs, practice effects; WHICAP, Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project.
a Depression coefficients are for persons diagnosed with depression.
b Time coefficients are for 1 year of aging.