. 2016 Jan 28;183(4):302–314. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv212

Table 4.

Associations Between Depression and Cognitive Change Obtained Using Different Specifications of Practice Effects (Balanced Data), With Years Elapsed Since Baseline as the Time Scale and Inclusion of a Main Exposure × Time Interaction, in the Three-City Study–Dijon (Dijon, France, 1999–2010), the Normative Aging Study (Greater Boston, Massachusetts, 1993–2007), and the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (New York City, New York, 1999–2012)

Variable	Specification of Practice Effects
	No Practice Effects				Visit 1 Indicator				No. of Prior Tests				Square Root of No. of Prior Tests
	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC	β	95% CI	P Value	AIC
Verbal Fluency in 3C-Dijon
Depression^a	−0.57	−1.01, −0.14	0.01	52,229.0	−0.57	−1.01, −0.14	0.01	52,138.0	−0.58	−1.01, −0.14	0.01	52,207.0	−0.58	−1.01, −0.14	0.01	52,148.0
Depression × time	0.00	−0.05, 0.05	0.87		0.00	−0.05, 0.06	0.85		0.01	−0.04, 0.06	0.82		0.01	−0.05, 0.06	0.83
PEs					0.72	0.58, 0.87	<0.01		0.59	0.35, 0.82	<0.01		0.80	0.63, 0.97	<0.01
Time^b	−0.14	−0.15, −0.12	<0.01		−0.20	−0.22, −0.18	<0.01		−0.40	−0.50, −0.29	<0.01		−0.30	−0.34, −0.26	<0.01
Verbal Fluency in WHICAP
Depression	−0.44	−1.22, 0.34	0.27	12,009.3	−0.44	−1.22, 0.34	0.27	12,008.3	−0.44	−1.22, 0.34	0.27	12,009.9	−0.44	−1.22, 0.34	0.27	12,008.1
Depression × time	−0.02	−0.13, 0.08	0.70		−0.02	−0.13, 0.08	0.70		−0.02	−0.12, 0.09	0.71		−0.02	−0.12, 0.08	0.71
PEs					0.37	−0.05, 0.79	0.08		0.39	−0.25, 1.03	0.23		0.48	−0.04, 0.99	0.07
Time	−0.23	−0.28, −0.17	<0.01		−0.27	−0.34, −0.19	<0.01		−0.37	−0.62, −0.12	<0.01		−0.33	−0.45, −0.20	<0.01
Verbal Fluency in NAS
Depression	0.20	−1.36, 1.76	0.80	5,607.0	0.21	−1.35, 1.76	0.80	5,608.6	0.19	−1.37, 1.75	0.81	5,608.1	0.20	−1.36, 1.76	0.80	5,609.0
Depression × time	−0.02	−0.24, 0.20	0.83		0.03	−0.25, 0.19	0.82		−0.02	−0.24, 0.2	0.89		−0.02	−0.24, 0.20	0.83
PEs					0.22	−0.53, 0.96	0.57		−0.42	−1.27, 0.44	0.34		0.00	−0.92, 0.91	0.99
Time	−0.13	−0.2, −0.07	<0.01		−0.16	−0.27, −0.05	0.01		−0.03	−0.25, 0.19	0.78		−0.13	−0.31, 0.04	0.13
Buschke Selective Reminding Test in WHICAP
Depression	−1.19	−2.92, 0.53	0.18	14,835.4	−1.19	−2.92, 0.54	0.18	14,837.3	−1.19	−2.92, 0.54	0.18	14,837.4	−1.19	−2.92, 0.54	0.18	14,837.8
Depression × time	0.08	−0.12, 0.29	0.42		0.08	−0.12, 0.29	0.42		0.08	−0.12, 0.29	0.41		0.08	−0.12, 0.29	0.42
PEs					0.12	−0.69, 0.92	0.77		0.10	−1.13, 1.33	0.87		0.10	−0.90, 1.09	0.85
Time	−0.53	−0.64, −0.41	<0.01		−0.54	−0.68, −0.40	<0.01		−0.56	−1.05, −0.08	0.02		−0.55	−0.78, −0.31	<0.01
Immediate Recall in NAS
Depression	0.11	−1.03, 1.26	0.84	5,139.6	0.12	−1.02, 1.26	0.84	5,139.7	0.12	−1.02, 1.26	0.84	5,141.2	0.12	−1.02, 1.27	0.83	5,140.0
Depression × time	−0.03	−0.18, 0.12	0.69		−0.04	−0.19, 0.12	0.65		−0.03	−0.19, 0.12	0.66		−0.04	−0.19, 0.12	0.64
PEs					0.38	−0.17, 0.92	0.18		0.19	−0.47, 0.85	0.56		0.44	−0.25, 1.12	0.21
Time	−0.06	−0.11, −0.01	0.01		−0.11	−0.19, −0.03	0.01		−0.11	−0.28, 0.06	0.21		−0.14	−0.27, −0.01	0.04

Abbreviations: AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; 3C-Dijon, Three-City Study–Dijon; CI, confidence interval; NAS, Normative Aging Study; PEs, practice effects; WHICAP, Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project.

^a Depression coefficients are for persons diagnosed with depression.

^b Time coefficients are for 1 year of aging.