Table 1. OCVs using different fuels in the anolyte.

Catholyte	Anode catalyst	Fuel components	OCV (V)	Standard emf (V)*
400 mg L−1Cu2+	5 mg Ni/cm2	0.33 M Urea + 1 M KOH	0.56	1.097
		1 M Ethanol + 1 M KOH	0.62	1.077
		0.2 M Glucose + 1 M KOH	0.75	1.577
		1% Starch	0.64	—
		0.2 M NaBH4 + 1 M KOH	1.54	1.987

^*Standard electromotive force (emf): Standard potential of the Cu²⁺/Cu redox pair minus the standard potential of the fuel redox pair in the anode.