Table 1.
Participant Demographic, Clinical, Self-Report Measures, and Task Behavior
| Healthy Controls | Individuals with Schizophrenia | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P value | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (y) | 36.6 | 9.2 | 37.0 | 8.6 | .8 |
| Sex (% male) | 52.8 | 66.7 | .2 | ||
| Ethnicity (% non-Cauasian) | 66.7 | 61.4 | .6 | ||
| Personal Education (y) | 14.2 | 2.1 | 13.0 | 2.2 | .01 |
| Parental Education (y) | 12.8 | 1.5 | 12.9 | 3.2 | .9 |
| Medication status | |||||
| Atypical antipsychotics (%) | NA | 75.4 | |||
| Typical antipsychotics (%) | NA | 5.3 | |||
| Typical and atypical (%) | NA | 7.0 | |||
| Not Medicated (%) | NA | 12.3 | |||
| Clinical ratings (Item averages) | |||||
| Positive (SAPS) | NA | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||
| Disorganization (SAPS) | NA | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
| Negative (SANS) | NA | 1.2 | 0.6 | ||
| Negative (BNSS) | NA | 1.4 | 0.8 | ||
| Self-Report Measures | |||||
| Beck Depression Inventory | 3.0 | 4.8 | 10.6 | 10.6 | <.001 |
| Social anhedonia | 8.8 | 6.4 | 16.3 | 8.0 | <.001 |
| Physical anhedonia | 11.2 | 6.2 | 18.5 | 9.1 | <.001 |
| Snaith Hamilton Pleasure | 52.4 | 3.1 | 48.1 | 8.4 | <.001 |
| TEPS consummatory pleasure | 37.8 | 5.8 | 34.1 | 8.0 | .01 |
| TEPS anticipatory pleasure | 49.2 | 4.9 | 44.8 | 8.9 | .003 |
| Apathy scale | 22.2 | 3.1 | 26.1 | 6.6 | <.001 |
| Functioning | |||||
| SLOF (personal) | 4.7 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 0.6 | <.001 |
| SLOF (informant) | NA | NA | 4.1 | 0.6 | |
| Task Behavior | |||||
| Reversals | 13 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 7.8 | .02 |
| Winstay_Ratio | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | .035 |
| Loseshift_Ratio | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | .07 |
| PE_COR | 43.0 | 16.8 | 36.8 | 15.0 | .07 |
| ERROR | 133.1 | 48.6 | 149.5 | 44.5 | .02 |
| IA_Trial | 23.5 | 15.2 | 31.7 | 15.0 | .02 |
| IA_Run | 6.6 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 2.5 | .1 |
Note: SAPS, Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SANS, Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; BNSS, Brief Negative Symptwom Scale; TEPS, Temporal Experiences of Pleasure Scale; SLOF, Specific Level of Functioning Scale. IA_Trial: Average number of initial acquisition trials; IA_Run: Runs where initial acquisition was achieved; PE_COR: percentage of probabilistic errors followed by a correct response.