Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the PEPs-Img Sample
| All FEP (N = 196) | SSD (N = 92) | AFP (N = 32) | OP (N = 72) | HC (N = 157) | Statistic; P Value | Post Hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at scan: y (mean (SD)) [range] | 22.92 (6.00) [12–35] | 23.12 (6.01) [12–35] | 22.34 (6.04) [12–34] | 23.19 (6.21) [13–35] | 23.71 (6.01) [10–35] | F 3, 349 = 0.54; P = .65 | |
| Age at scan < 18 y: no. (%) | 44 (22.4) | 22 (23.9) | 8 (25.0) | 14 (19.4) | 23 (14.6) | χ2 3, 353 = 4.14; P = .25 | |
| Sex (male): no. (%) | 81 (65.3) | 60 (65.2) | 21 (65.6) | 52 (72.2) | 97 (61.8) | χ2 3, 353 = 2.37; P = .50 | |
| Time from baseline visit to scan: d (mean (SD)) [range] | 10.60 (59.43) [−98 to 180] | 10.53 (58.80) [−98 to 180] | 9.97 (62.14) [−80 to 155] | 2.04 (46.89) [−156 to 154] | 21.93 (49.14) [−129 to 169] | F 3, 349 = 2.60; P = .05 | |
| Time from FEP onset to scan a: d (mean (SD)) [range] | 151.94 (113.68) [0–497] | 168.42 (111.48) [1–497] | 149.74 (137.43) [0–452] | 131.79 (103.00) [8–389] | — | F 2, 190 = 2.10; P = .13 | |
| Ethnicity: no. (%) | |||||||
| Caucasian | 105 | 76 | 29 | 63 | 140 | ||
| Hispanic | 7 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Fχ2 6, 353 = 9.45; P = .12 | |
| Other | 12 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 7 | ||
| Handedness b: no. (%) | |||||||
| Right-handed | 98 (85.2) | 71 (83.5) | 27 (90.0) | 56 (77.8) | 135 (89.4) | ||
| Left-handed | 13 (11.3) | 10 (11.8) | 3 (10.0) | 6 (8.3) | 13 (8.6) | Fχ2 6, 329 = 2.95; P = .82 | |
| Ambidextrous | 4 (3.5) | 4 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (2.0) | ||
| Socioeconomic status c: no. (%) | |||||||
| High | 16 (13.1) | 14 (15.6) | 2 (6.3) | 16 (22.2) | 29 (18.6) | ||
| Intermediate-high | 17 (13.9) | 10 (11.1) | 7 (21.9) | 7 (9.7) | 31 (19.9) | ||
| Intermediate | 30 (24.6) | 22 (24.4) | 8 (25.0) | 16 (22.2) | 55 (35.3) | χ 2 12, 350 = 33.75; P = .001 | SSD, AFP, OP < HC |
| Intermediate-low | 38 (31.1) | 31 (34.4) | 7 (21.9) | 21 (29.2) | 36 (23.1) | ||
| Low | 21 (17.2) | 13 (14.4) | 8 (25.0) | 12 (16.7) | 5 (3.2) | ||
| Premorbid IQ d: score (mean (SD)) [range] | 92.96 (16.82) [60–130] | 90.88 (14.64) [60–120] | 99.29 (21.24) [60–130] | 91.29 (14.39) [65–140] | 107.52 (13.92) [75–145] | F 3, 324 = 30.36; P < .001 | SSD, AFP, OP < HC; SSD < AFP |
| Baseline PANSS: score (mean (SD)) [range] | |||||||
| Total | 75.24 (25.78) [30–158] | 78.83 (26.13) [35–158] | 64.94 (22.06) [30–120] | 68.33 (23.46) [30–123] | — | F 2, 193 = 5.60; P = .004 | SSD > AFP, OP |
| Positive | 18.23 (7.82) [7–39] | 18.90 (7.69) [7–39] | 16.31 (7.99) [7–33] | 17.25 (8.49) [7–41] | — | F 2, 193 = 1.57; P = .21 | |
| Negative | 19.77 (9.15) [7–43] | 21.62 (9.24) [7–43] | 14.44 (6.50) [7–34] | 16.16 (7.32) [7–32] | — | F 2, 193 = 13.63; P < .001 | SSD > AFP, OP |
| General | 37.24 (13.76) [16–82] | 38.30 (14.11) [18–82] | 34.19 (12.39) [16–66] | 34.93 (11.61) [16–62] | — | F 2, 193 = 1.92; P = .15 | |
| Baseline CGI: score (mean (SD)) [range] | 4.51 (1.17) [1–7] | 4.68 (1.09) [1–7] | 3.97 (1.27) [1–6] | 4.34 (1.02) [1–7] | — | F 2, 184 = 5.16; P = .007 | SSD > AFP, OP |
| Baseline GAF/CGAS: score (mean (SD)) [range] | 48.12 (21.14) [11–95] | 46.09 (20.17) [11–95] | 53.97 (23.04) [15–91] | 56.50 (19.20) [15–90] | 93.36 (5.41) [80–100] | F 3, 348 = 219.12; P < .001 | SSD, AFP, OP < HC; SSD < OP |
| Antipsychotic treatment at scan: no. (%) | 113 (91.1) | 87 (94.6) | 26 (81.3) | 61 (84.7) | — | Fχ 2 2, 196 = 6.47; P = .03 | SSD > AFP, OP |
| Antipsychotic dose at scan (mg)e: mean (SD) [range] | 526.86 (456.89) [0–3,180] | 535.65 (388.64) [0–1,888] | 501.58 (619.66) [0–3,180] | 414.83 (378.49) [0–2,232] | — | F 2, 193 = 1.61; P = .20 | |
| Duration of antipsychotic treatment until scan: d (mean (SD)) [range] | 83.76 (85.85) [0–441] | 84.49 (86.57) [0–441] | 81.66 (85.11) [0–319] | 60.72 (58.46) [0–256] | — | F 2, 191 = 2.02; P = .14 | |
| Antipsychotic cumulative dose at scan (mg)e: mean (SD) [range] | 49226.70 (76633.52) [0–599,300] | 51952.27 (84522.86) [0–599,300] | 41475.84 (47823.72) [0–209,520] | 30941.59 (36217.19) [0–210,812] | — | F 2, 191 = 2.09; P = .13 | |
| Other treatments at scan: no. (%) | |||||||
| Lithium | 14 (11.3) | 1 (1.1) | 13 (40.6) | 2 (2.8) | — | Fχ 2 2, 196 = 36.75; P < .001 | AFP > SSD, OP |
| Other mood stabilizers | 12 (9.7) | 4 (4.3) | 8 (25.0) | 4 (5.6) | — | Fχ 2 2, 195 = 11.05; P = .002 | AFP > SSD, OP |
| Antidepressants | 19 (15.3) | 11 (12.0) | 8 (25.0) | 4 (5.6) | — | Fχ 2 2, 196 = 7.51; P = .02 | AFP > OP |
| Benzodiazepines | 69 (35.2) | 34 (49.3) | 8 (11.6) | 27 (39.1) | — | χ2 2, 196 = 1.75; P = .44 | |
| Anticholinergic agents | 21 (16.9) | 16 (17.4) | 5 (15.6) | 4 (5.6) | — | Fχ2 2, 196 = 5.73; P = .06 | |
| Stimulants | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | |
Note: AFP, 12-month follow-up diagnosis of affective psychosis (type I bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms); CGAS, Children’s Global Assessment Scale; CGI: Cinical Global Impression scale; FEP, first episode of psychosis; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning scale; HC, healthy controls; IQ, intelligence quotient; OP, 12-month follow-up diagnosis of other psychotic disorders (brief reactive psychosis, delusional disorder, substance-induced psychotic disorder, or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified); PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; SSD, 12-month follow-up diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (schizophrenia, schizophreniform, or schizoaffective disorder). In all cells, % refers to percentages (within columns) of participants for whom information was available. Statistically significant P values in bold. For qualitative variables, chi-square (χ2) or Fisher tests were used. For quantitative variables, ANOVA were used.
aBased on first positive psychotic symptom assessed with the Symptom Onset in Schizophrenia (SOS) inventory (see supplementary material 1).
bAssessed with the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (see supplementary material 1).
cParental socioeconomic status, assessed with the Hollingshead-Redlich scale (see supplementary material 1).
dEstimated with the vocabulary subtest of the WISC-IV or WAIS-III for subjects under and over 16 y of age, respectively (see supplementary material 1).
eIn chlorpromazine equivalents (see supplementary material 1): 100mg chlorpromazine = about 1.5mg risperidone/5mg olanzapine/150mg quetiapine.