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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 15.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2014 Oct 23;514(7523):445–449. doi: 10.1038/nature13810

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Inferred population size changes over time. “Time” on the X axis refers to the pairwise per-site sequence divergence. If we erroneously assume that Ust’-Ishim lived today, its inferred population size history includes an out-of-Africa-like population bottleneck that is more recent than that seen in present-day non-Africans (red bold curve). By shifting the Ust’-Ishim curve to align with those in present-day non-Africans (blue bold curve), and assuming that the number of mutations necessary to do this corresponds to 45,000 years, we estimate the autosomal mutation rate to 0.38–0.49 × 10−9/site/year. The times indicated on the top of the figures, are based on this mutation rate.