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ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 are used to introduce site-specific DSBs into a target genome. Subsequently, cellular repair mechanisms can be harnessed to introduce precise genetic modifications. Small insertions and deletions generated by NHEJ can be used for gene knockout. In the presence of a homologous repair template, new sequences can be incorporated via HDR, allowing for gene repair, transgene insertion, and gene replacement.
