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. 2016 Feb 18;23(1):34–41. doi: 10.3747/co.23.2806

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) signalling pathway. (A) Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is degraded by the proteasomic machinery after hydroxylation and ubiquitination mediated by prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) and the pVHL–E3–ubiquitin ligase complex. pVHL = von Hippel–Lindau tumour suppressor; E3 = ubiquitin-protein ligase. (B) In the presence of hypoxic microenvironments, HIF-1α is stable and translocates into the nucleus, where it forms a complex with the HIF-1β subunit for the activation of HIF target genes.