Table 4.

The Impact of Drug Use and Selling on the Incidence of Violence, Waves 4 to 9, Random-Effects Models

	Violence	Serious violence	Attack with a weapon	Hit someone to hurt them	Gang or posse fight	Throw object	Forcibly take money
Drug use	0.006* (0.003)	0.001 (0.001)	−0.000 (0.000)	0.004** (0.002)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.000 (0.000)
Drug selling	0.059*** (0.006)	0.026*** (0.002)	0.015*** (0.001)	0.018*** (0.003)	0.008*** (0.002)	0.013*** (0.002)	0.003*** (0.000)
Gang member	6.242*** (0.379)	3.324*** (0.163)	0.389*** (0.059)	2.151*** (0.215)	2.780*** (0.137)	0.832*** (0.128)	0.138*** (0.028)
Drug sell × Gang	−0.003 (0.013)	0.019*** (0.005)	−0.013*** (0.002)	−0.004 (0.007)	0.037*** (0.005)	−0.017*** (0.005)	−0.005*** (0.001)
Age	−0.053 (0.077)	−0.034 (0.033)	0.008 (0.012)	−0.020 (0.043)	−0.045 (0.028)	0.015 (0.026)	0.004 (0.006)
Male	0.331 (0.244)	0.107 (0.095)	0.038 (0.035)	0.130 (0.146)	0.058 (0.079)	0.091 (0.074)	0.012 (0.015)
African American	0.396 (0.309)	0.187 (0.120)	0.055 (0.045)	0.081 (0.185)	0.117 (0.100)	0.125 (0.093)	0.016 (0.019)
Hispanic	−0.048 (0.380)	0.067 (0.148)	0.022 (0.055)	−0.182 (0.228)	0.052 (0.123)	0.062 (0.115)	−0.007 (0.024)
(Constant)	1.395 (1.306)	0.685 (0.555)	−0.107 (0.202)	0.733 (0.747)	0.843 (0.466)	−0.242 (0.432)	−0.066 (0.095)
R2	0.09	0.13	0.07	0.04	0.11	0.02	0.02

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.