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. 2016 Feb 16;10:30. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00030

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Candidate NIBS targets that address abnormal phenotypes related to the RDoC positive valence dimension. (A) Candidate positive valence NIBS targets for anorexia nervosa (AN) (Wagner et al., 2007, 2008; Rothemund et al., 2011; Vocks et al., 2011; Holsen et al., 2012; Oberndorfer et al., 2013b; Torresan et al., 2013; Decker et al., 2014; Suda et al., 2014; Ehrlich et al., 2015; Sanders et al., 2015). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL) is both hyperactive when the participant views images of food, but hypoactive during symptom, particularly OCD-related, provocation. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is also differentially activated; it is hyperactive when the participant views images of food, but hypoactive when the participant delays a reward. Also, the insula (IN) is hypoactive when the participant views images of food. (B) Candidate positive valence NIBS targets for bulimia nervosa (BN) (Frank et al., 2006, 2011; Bohon and Stice, 2011; Broft et al., 2012; Radeloff et al., 2012; Weygandt et al., 2012; Oberndorfer et al., 2013a; Galusca et al., 2014). The ACC is hypoactive during reward anticipation, and this hypoactivity predicts later overeating. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is hyperactive during the receipt of a reward. The IN is both hyperactive during the receipt of a reward, but hypoactive during reward anticipation. (C) Candidate positive valence NIBS targets for binge eating disorder (BED) (Schienle et al., 2009; Frank et al., 2012a; Weygandt et al., 2012; Balodis et al., 2013a, 2014). Both the OFC and the IN are abnormally hyperactive during the receipt of a reward, while the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is hyperactive during reward anticipation.