TABLE II.

Preclinical Studies: Brain Regions Showing Epigenetic Changes in Gene Expression in Response to Early Stress

Reference	Epigenetic mechanism	Site	Direction/Gene	Brain region
Weaver et al. [2004]	Histone acetylation	TF	↓ Nr3c1	Hippocampus
McGowan et al. [2011]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↓ Nr3c1	Hippocampus
Tsankova et al. [2006]	Histone methylation	Promoter	↓ BDNF	Hippocampus
Bagot et al. [2012]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↑ GRM1	Hippocampus
Zhang et al. [2010]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↓ GAD1	Hippocampus
Toda et al. [2014]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↓ NTSR1	Amygdala
Roth et al. [2009]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↓ BDNF	Prefrontal cortex
Marquez et al. [2013]	Histone acetylation	Promoter	↑ MAOA	Prefrontal cortex
Chen et al. [2012]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↑ CRF	PVN
Murgatroyd et al. [2009]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↑ AVP	PVN
Niwa et al. [2013]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↓ TH	VTA
Pena et al. [2014]	DNA methylation	Promoter	↓ DAR	NAc

Codes: BDNF, brain derived neurotropic factor; TF, transcription factor; Nr3c1, glucocorticioid receptor; GRM1, type I metabotropic glutamate receptor; GAD1, glutamate decarboxylase 1; NTSR1, neurotensin receptor 1; CRF, corticotropin releasing hormone; MAOA, monoamine oxidase A; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; AVP, arginine vasopressin; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; DAR, dopamine receptor.