Fig. 4.

Plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations in TBI patients according to the cause of death. I nterleukin (IL)-1β, -10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (a–c). IL-8, interferon-gamma producing protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β (d–g) in TBI patients who survived (n = 119) vs. those who died by neurologic death (n = 28) or by non-neurologic organ failure (n = 17). Boxes represent the median and interquartile ranges, and whisker plot lines represent the range. *p < 0.05 vs. patients who survived; ^† p < 0.05 vs. patients who succumbed to neurologic death, by Kruskal-Wallis