Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics for TBI patients
| Characteristics | All TBI patients (n = 166) | Moderate TBI (n = 33) | Severe TBI (n = 133) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 45.8 ± 20.3 | 49.5 ± 19.7 | 44.9 ± 20.4 |
| Male —n (%) | 124 (74.7) | 23 (69.7) | 101 (75.9) |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Time to ED (min) | 77.6 ± 63.5 | 74.7 ± 64.8 | 78.3 ± 63.4 |
| ISS score | 24.4 ± 11.8 | 18.8 ± 11.5 | 25.9 ± 11.5 |
| AIS head | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.0 |
| GCS | 5.9 ± 3.0 | 10.5 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 1.9 |
| Marshall score—n (%) | |||
| I | 28 (16.9) | 11 (33.3) | 17 (12.8) |
| II | 76 (45.8) | 16 (48.5) | 60 (45.1) |
| III | 13 (7.8) | 1 (3.0) | 12 (9.0) |
| IV | 27 (16.3) | 3 (9.1) | 24 (18.0) |
| Evacuated mass lesion | 21 (12.6) | 2 (6.1) | 19 (14.3) |
| Non-evacuated mass lesion | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) |
| Pre-injury comorbidities—n (%) | 45 (27.1) | 14 (42.4) | 31 (23.3) |
| Outcomes | |||
| Mortality—n (%) | 45 (27.1) | 1 (3.0) | 44 (33.0) |
| Neurosurgery performed—n (%) | 47 (28.3) | 5 (15.1) | 42 (31.6) |
| Sepsis/infection—n (%) | 42 (25.3) | 7 (21.2) | 35 (26.3) |
| Organ failure—n (%) | 18 (10.8) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (13.5) |
| 6-month GOSE | 4.0 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 2.1 | 3.6 ± 2.5 |
Unless otherwise stated, results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD)
Abbreviations: TBI traumatic brain injury, ED emergency department, ISS injury severity score, AIS abbreviated injury scale, GCS Glasgow coma scale, GOSE extended Glasgow outcome scale