Appendix 2.
Postural Control and Gait Characteristics
| PD mild OFF | PD mild ON | PD severe OFF | PD severe ON | Control | L-dopa (ON ~ OFF) | Severity (Mild ~ Severe) | Interaction (L-dopa x Severity) | PD OFF ~ Control | PD ON ~ Control | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| mean ± std | mean ± std | mean ± std | mean ± std | mean ± std | p-value | p-value | p-value | p-value | p-value | |
| Gait - Pace | ||||||||||
| Gait Cycle Time (s) | 1.11 ± 0.09 | 1.10 ± 0.09 | 1.11 ± 0.11 | 1.08 ± 0.09 | 1.06 ± 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.600 | 0.216 | 0.001 | 0.024 |
| Cadence (steps/min) | 108.73 ± 8.29 | 110.04 ± 9.03 | 109.29 ± 9.97 | 111.67 ± 8.96 | 114.38 ± 9.43 | 0.001 | 0.536 | 0.291 | <0.001 | 0.019 |
| Stride Velocity (%h/s) | 72.87 ± 9.49 | 75.88 ± 9.83 | 69.11 ± 9.99 | 73.90 ± 9.35 | 82.32 ± 10.03 | <0.001 | 0.141 | 0.202 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Stride Length (%h) | 80.33 ± 7.27 | 82.40 ± 6.80 | 75.86 ± 7.32 | 79.97 ± 6.55 | 86.05 ± 5.79 | <0.001 | 0.017 | 0.096 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| RoM Leg (deg) | 75.83 ± 6.94 | 77.75 ± 6.72 | 71.94 ± 6.84 | 75.23 ± 6.48 | 80.81 ± 5.04 | <0.001 | 0.024 | 0.272 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Gait – Arm & Trunk Movement | ||||||||||
| Arm Peak Velocity (deg/s) | 115.00 ± 37.21 | 137.66 ± 58.36 | 112.88 ± 36.93 | 142.56 ± 56.90 | 168.43 ± 45.95 | <0.001 | 0.881 | 0.424 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Arm Swing RoM (deg) | 22.86 ± 8.28 | 28.88 ± 12.82 | 21.53 ± 10.14 | 29.53 ± 14.91 | 37.36 ± 15.43 | <0.001 | 0.906 | 0.377 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Asymmetry Arm Swing RoM (%) | 64.46 ± 62.54 | 60.55 ± 50.28 | 67.23 ± 50.67 | 56.69 ± 48.69 | 36.83 ± 40.04 | 0.165 | 0.929 | 0.575 | 0.027 | 0.060 |
| RoM Trunk Frontal Plane (deg) | 4.21 ± 1.35 | 4.84 ± 1.54 | 4.41 ± 1.88 | 5.02 ± 2.33 | 4.86 ± 1.62 | <0.001 | 0.564 | 0.888 | 0.036 | 0.822 |
| RoM Trunk Sagittal Plane (deg) | 4.34 ± 1.20 | 4.29 ± 1.13 | 4.13 ± 1.42 | 4.57 ± 1.48 | 4.32 ± 1.10 | 0.038 | 0.791 | 0.038 | 0.686 | 0.569 |
| RoM Trunk Horizontal Plane (deg) | 4.21 ± 1.35 | 4.84 ± 1.54 | 4.41 ± 1.88 | 5.02 ± 2.33 | 4.86 ± 1.62 | <0.001 | 0.564 | 0.888 | 0.036 | 0.822 |
| Gait - Dynamic Stability | ||||||||||
| Double Support Time (% of gait cycle) | 22.41 ± 4.13 | 23.02 ± 4.25 | 22.64 ± 4.68 | 22.75 ± 4.63 | 22.58 ± 4.15 | 0.425 | 0.946 | 0.604 | 0.936 | 0.659 |
| Stance Time (% of gait cycle) | 61.21 ± 2.06 | 61.51 ± 2.12 | 61.32 ± 2.34 | 61.38 ± 2.31 | 61.29 ± 2.08 | 0.425 | 0.946 | 0.604 | 0.936 | 0.659 |
| Swing Time (% of gait cycle) | 38.79 ± 2.06 | 38.49 ± 2.12 | 38.68 ± 2.34 | 38.62 ± 2.31 | 38.71 ± 2.08 | 0.425 | 0.946 | 0.604 | 0.936 | 0.659 |
| Turning | ||||||||||
| Peak Velocity (deg/s) | 149.75 ± 26.15 | 155.73 ± 30.54 | 138.71 ± 30.36 | 150.16 ± 32.26 | 183.15 ± 32.49 | <0.001 | 0.124 | 0.196 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Duration (s) | 2.42 ± 0.43 | 2.39 ± 0.48 | 2.67 ± 0.61 | 2.48 ± 0.60 | 1.90 ± 0.31 | 0.005 | 0.095 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Mean Step Time (s) | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.114 | 0.677 | 0.031 | 0.380 | 0.898 |
| Number of Steps (n) | 4.44 ± 0.96 | 4.44 ± 0.97 | 4.96 ± 1.17 | 4.60 ± 1.11 | 3.58 ± 0.81 | 0.041 | 0.081 | 0.071 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Initiation of Gait | ||||||||||
| APA Duration (s) | 0.40 ± 0.15 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 0.37 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.284 | 0.326 | 0.588 | 0.208 | 0.523 |
| APA Latency (s) | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.33 | 0.57 ± 0.20 | 0.56 ± 0.21 | 0.57 ± 0.48 | 0.402 | 0.289 | 0.437 | 0.794 | 0.799 |
| APA Peak AP (g) | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.224 | 0.226 | 0.001 | 0.362 |
| APA Peak ML (g) | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.570 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| RoM First Step (deg) | 35.02 ± 6.43 | 35.38 ± 8.69 | 32.40 ± 7.99 | 32.77 ± 8.81 | 40.96 ± 7.69 | 0.694 | 0.223 | 0.864 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Duration of First Step (s) | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 0.43 ± 0.34 | 0.43 ± 0.19 | 0.43 ± 0.20 | 0.45 ± 0.49 | 0.400 | 0.146 | 0.570 | 0.667 | 0.739 |
| Postural Sway | ||||||||||
| Sway RMS AP (m/s2) | 0.066 ± 0.026 | 0.079 ± 0.035 | 0.073 ± 0.030 | 0.090 ± 0.056 | 0.056 ± 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.187 | 0.536 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sway RMS ML (m/s2) | 0.024 ± 0.014 | 0.027 ± 0.016 | 0.026 ± 0.015 | 0.035 ± 0.020 | 0.019 ± 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.037 | 0.046 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| Mean velocity AP (m/s) | 0.128 ± 0.059 | 0.164 ± 0.083 | 0.143 ± 0.071 | 0.188 ± 0.108 | 0.113 ± 0.059 | <0.001 | 0.139 | 0.628 | 0.029 | <0.001 |
| Mean velocity ML (m/s) | 0.036 ± 0.021 | 0.044 ± 0.030 | 0.041 ± 0.030 | 0.065 ± 0.055 | 0.028 ± 0.015 | <0.001 | 0.036 | 0.058 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Centroidal Frequency AP (Hz) | 0.655 ± 0.311 | 0.622 ± 0.239 | 0.624 ± 0.337 | 0.550 ± 0.170 | 0.588 ± 0.112 | 0.105 | 0.243 | 0.530 | 0.236 | 0.912 |
| Centroidal Frequency ML (Hz) | 1.408 ± 0.500 | 1.282 ± 0.488 | 1.283 ± 0.498 | 1.061 ± 0.368 | 1.130 ± 0.268 | <0.001 | 0.026 | 0.385 | 0.002 | 0.526 |
| Frequency Dispersion AP (-) | 0.825 ± 0.046 | 0.815 ± 0.036 | 0.832 ± 0.058 | 0.824 ± 0.054 | 0.811 ± 0.036 | 0.110 | 0.329 | 0.840 | 0.019 | 0.193 |
| Frequency Dispersion ML (-) | 0.680 ± 0.124 | 0.700 ± 0.112 | 0.701 ± 0.115 | 0.726 ± 0.087 | 0.717 ± 0.071 | 0.055 | 0.209 | 0.824 | 0.121 | 0.804 |
| Normalized Jerk AP (-) | 1.374 ± 0.793 | 1.203 ± 0.419 | 1.223 ± 0.634 | 1.108 ± 0.392 | 1.153 ± 0.229 | 0.048 | 0.171 | 0.676 | 0.126 | 0.977 |
| Normalized Jerk ML (-) | 3.008 ± 1.449 | 2.517 ± 1.162 | 2.852 ± 1.361 | 2.246 ± 1.051 | 2.351 ± 0.665 | <0.001 | 0.288 | 0.744 | 0.003 | 0.859 |
p-values <0.05 are given in boldface