Fig. 2.

Cell signaling in midfacial development. Depicted FGF, PDGF, WNT, TGFβ, BMP, NOTCH, Rho, and SHH signaling cascades. Molecules that have been shown to play direct roles in midfacial deformities are highlighted in yellow, but we cannot exclude the possibility of the molecules not highlighted being important in midfacial development because these may not have yet been reported or they may be compensated by other molecules. CSL: CBF1/Su(H)/Lag-1 transcription factor complex, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, ERK: extracellular signal-related kinase, GPRC: G protein-coupled receptor, JNK: Jun amino-terminal kinases, LIMK: LIM domain kinase, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, MEKS: MAPK/ERK kinases, NICD: Notch intracellular domain, RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex, SCAP: sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein.