Fig. 1.

The biopsychosocial model of irritable bowel syndrome. The circle represents the interrelated nature of the model. Several factors (in black bold) are present and affect other factors as shown by the direction of the red arrows. Mechanisms related to these factors are in blue font within the circle. The balance between pathogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria is in yellow. These factors ultimately come together and lead to IBS symptoms. Figure is modified from Rodriguez-Fandino et al. [10] and reproduced by permission of Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility