Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and laboratory data in the baseline dataset according to the decline of eGFR
| Characteristics | Total (n = 770) | Group 1 (n = 561) | Group 2 (n = 137) | Group 3 (n = 72) | p value¶ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | 61.9 ± 13.1 | 62.1 ± 13.0 | 62.1 ± 13.4 | 59.7 ± 14.0 | 0.330 |
| Sex (M, %) | 481 (62.5 %) | 327 (58.3 %) | 99 (72.3 %)** | 55 (76.4 %)*** | <0.001 |
| eGFR_0 (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 41.1 ± 13.2 | 44.5 ± 11.7 | 35.0 ± 12.3*** | 26.6 ± 12.0***,††† | <0.001 |
| Original kidney disease | <0.001 | ||||
| DMN (%) | 175 (22.7 %) | 89 (15.9 %) | 48 (35.0 %) | 38 (52.8 %) | |
| HTN (%) | 356 (46.2 %) | 280 (49.9 %) | 50 (36.5 %) | 26 (36.1 %) | |
| CGN (%) | 167 (21.7 %) | 139 (24.8 %) | 22 (16.1 %) | 6 (8.3 %) | |
| Others (%) | 72 (9.4 %) | 53 (9.4 %) | 17 (12.4 %) | 2 (2.8 %) | |
| CKD stage | <0.001 | ||||
| 3a (%) | 352 (45.7 %) | 310 (55.3 %) | 32 (23.4 %) | 10 (13.9 %) | |
| 3b (%) | 230 (29.9 %) | 168 (30.0 %) | 51 (37.2 %) | 11 (15.3 %) | |
| 4 (%) | 188 (24.4 %) | 83 (14.8 %) | 54 (39.4 %) | 51 (70.8 %) | |
| BMI_0 (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 4.4 | 24.2 ± 4.4 | 24.8 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 4.7 | 0.244 |
| SBP_0 (mmHg) | 137.5 ± 21.2 | 134.9 ± 20.0 | 141.9 ± 21.2 | 148.9 ± 24.8***,†† | <0.001 |
| Blood parameters | |||||
| Hb_0 (g/dL) | 12.9 ± 1.9 | 13.2 ± 1.8 | 12.3 ± 1.9** | 11.5 ± 2.0***,††† | <0.001 |
| TP_0 (g/dL) | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 0.6** | 6.5 ± 0.6***,††† | <0.001 |
| Alb_0 (g/dL) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.5** | 3.5 ± 0.5***,††† | <0.001 |
| BUN_0 (mg/dL) | 23.0 ± 9.8 | 20.5 ± 7.5 | 27.3 ± 9.4*** | 34.5 ± 14.4***,††† | <0.001 |
| Cr_0 (mg/dL) | 1.44 ± 0.60 | 1.27 ± 0.44 | 1.70 ± 0.62*** | 2.28 ± 0.74***,††† | <0.001 |
| UA_0 (mg/dL) | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 1.3* | 7.3 ± 1.6***,††† | <0.001 |
| Na_0 (mEq/L) | 140.7 ± 2.7 | 140.9 ± 2.7 | 140.3 ± 2.9 | 140.2 ± 2.2 | 0.029 |
| K_0 (mEq/L) | 4.45 ± 0.52 | 4.40 ± 0.47 | 4.63 ± 0.55 | 4.75 ± 0.61***,††† | <0.001 |
| Cl_0 (mEq/L) | 105.3 ± 3.2 | 105.0 ± 3.0 | 105.6 ± 3.5** | 107.1 ± 3.4*** | <0.001 |
| Na-Cl_0 (mEq/L) | 35.2 ± 3.6 | 35.6 ± 3.8 | 34.8 ± 2.5** | 33.1 ± 3.1***,† | <0.001 |
| cCa_0 (mg/dL) | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 0.151 |
| P_0 (mg/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5** | 3.7 ± 0.5***,††† | <0.001 |
| CRP_0 (mg/dL) | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.8* | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.043 |
| LDL-C_0 (mg/dL) | 111.4 ± 30.4 | 113.4 ± 29.5 | 105.8 ± 30.6 | 106.0 ± 35.1† | 0.009 |
| Urine parameters (spot) | |||||
| TPU/CrU_0 (g/g Cr) | 0.99 ± 1.45 | 0.56 ± 0.82 | 1.68 ± 1.75** | 2.94 ± 2.32***,††† | <0.001 |
| UB_score_0 | 0.52 ± 0.81 | 0.48 ± 0.81 | 0.62 ± 0.81* | 0.60 ± 0.72†† | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | |||||
| RASi_0 (%) | 424 (55.1 %) | 319 (56.9 %) | 67 (48.9 %) | 38 (52.8 %) | 0.225 |
| CCB_0 (%) | 292 (37.9 %) | 211 (37.6 %) | 47 (34.3 %) | 34 (47.2 %) | 0.180 |
| Diuretic_0 (%) | 122 (15.8 %) | 75 (13.4 %) | 27 (19.7 %) | 20 (27.8 %)** | 0.003 |
| Other AHD_0 (%) | 54 (7.0 %) | 34 (6.1 %) | 11 (8.0 %) | 9 (12.5 %) | 0.115 |
Groups 1, 2, and 3 correspond to % decline of eGFR per year <10 %, 10–25 %, and >25 %, respectively
“0” following the parameter denotes the baseline value
eGFR_0 estimated glomerular filtration rate, DMN diabetic nephropathy, HTN hypertensive nephropathy, CGN chronic glomerulonephritis, SBP systolic blood pressure, Hb hemoglobin, TP total protein, Alb albumin, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Cr creatinine, UA uric acid, Na sodium, K potassium, Cl chloride, cCa albumin-corrected calcium, P phosphorus, CRP C-reactive protein, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TPU/CrU urine protein divided by urine creatinine, UB_score urine blood score, RASi RAS inhibitor, CCB calcium channel blocker, AHD antihypertensive drugs
¶ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H test (CRP, TPU/CrU, and UB_score) or cross table analysis (Sex, Original kidney disease, CKD stage, RASi, CCB, Diuretic, and other AHD) as appropriate
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. Group 1; † p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001 vs. Group 2 (Tukey post-test or Mann–Whitney U test or cross table analysis)