Table 2.
Characteristics | p value§ (vs. baseline) | Total (n = 770) | Group 1 (n = 561) | Group 2 (n = 137) | Group 3 (n = 72) | p value¶ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observation period (years) | 4.1 ± 1.6 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 1.4*** | 2.0 ± 0.7***,† | <0.001 | |
% decline of eGFR/year | 7.5 ± 12.4 | 1.6 ± 4.7 | 15.8 ± 4.3*** | 37.7 ± 11.2***,††† | <0.001 | |
Enter dialysis (%) | 110 (14.3 %) | 3 (0.5 %) | 52 (38.0 %)*** | 55 (76.4 %)***,††† | <0.001 | |
SBP_t (mmHg) | <0.001 | 133.1 ± 13.9 | 130.5 ± 12.6 | 138.1 ± 14.2** | 144.3 ± 14.9***,††† | <0.001 |
Blood parameters | ||||||
Hb_t (g/dL) | <0.001 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 11.5 ± 1.6*** | 10.6 ± 1.4***,††† | <0.001 |
TP_t (g/dL) | <0.001 | 7.0 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 6.9 ± 0.5*** | 6.5 ± 0.6***,††† | <0.001 |
Alb_t (g/dL) | <0.001 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.4*** | 3.5 ± 0.5***,††† | <0.001 |
BUN_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 26.7 ± 13.9 | 21.3 ± 8.7 | 37.6 ± 13.3*** | 48.5 ± 15.1***,††† | <0.001 |
Cr_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 1.88 ± 1.21 | 1.38 ± 0.61 | 2.79 ± 1.19*** | 4.08 ± 1.29***,††† | <0.001 |
UA_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.0 | 7.9 ± 1.1***,††† | <0.001 |
Na_t (mEq/L) | 0.875 | 140.7 ± 2.2 | 140.9 ± 2.2 | 140.3 ± 1.9 | 139.8 ± 2.5***,† | <0.001 |
K_t (mEq/L) | 0.009 | 4.51 ± 0.44 | 4.42 ± 0.40 | 4.74 ± 0.47 | 4.79 ± 0.48***,††† | <0.001 |
Cl_t (mEq/L) | <0.001 | 105.7 ± 2.6 | 105.4 ± 2.4 | 106.2 ± 2.8 | 106.9 ± 3.3***,†† | <0.001 |
Na-Cl_t (mEq/L) | <0.001 | 34.9 ± 3.4 | 35.3 ± 3.6 | 34.1 ± 2.4*** | 32.9 ± 2.0***,††† | <0.001 |
cCa_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 0.227 |
P_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.5*** | 4.2 ± 0.6***,††† | <0.001 |
CRP_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.4*** | 0.4 ± 0.4** | <0.001 |
LDL-C_t (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 104.6 ± 23.3 | 106.6 ± 22.7 | 99.8 ± 23.1 | 98.6 ± 26.0*,†† | 0.001 |
Urine parameters (spot) | ||||||
TPU/CrU_t (g/g Cr) | 0.192 | 1.06 ± 1.43 | 0.51 ± 0.74 | 2.10 ± 1.50*** | 3.30 ± 1.94***,†† | <0.001 |
UB_score_t | <0.001 | 0.40 ± 0.55 | 0.35 ± 0.56 | 0.48 ± 0.51 | 0.59 ± 0.51** | <0.001 |
Antihypertensive drugs | ||||||
RASi_t (%) | <0.001 | 626 (81.3 %) | 449 (80.0 %) | 114 (83.2 %) | 63 (87.5 %) | 0.254 |
CCB_t (%) | <0.001 | 491 (63.8 %) | 326 (58.1 %) | 107 (78.1 %)*** | 58 (80.6 %)*** | <0.001 |
Diuretic_t (%) | <0.001 | 314 (40.8 %) | 172 (30.7 %) | 90 (65.7 %)*** | 52 (72.2 %)*** | <0.001 |
Other AHD_t (%) | <0.001 | 184 (23.9 %) | 107 (19.1 %) | 50 (36.5 %)*** | 27 (37.5 %)** | <0.001 |
Groups 1, 2, and 3 correspond to % decline of eGFR per year <10 %, 10–25 %, and >25 %, respectively
“t” following the parameter denotes the time-averaged value or follow-up value
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, Hb hemoglobin, TP total protein, Alb albumin, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Cr creatinine, UA uric acid, Na sodium, K potassium, Cl chloride, cCa albumin-corrected calcium, P phosphorus, CRP C-reactive protein, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TPU/CrU urine protein divided by urine creatinine, UB_score urine blood score, RASi RAS inhibitor, CCB calcium channel blocker, AHD antihypertensive drugs
§ p values vs. baseline values in the total patients by paired t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test (CRP, TPU/CrU, and UB_score) or McNemar (RASi, CCB, Diuretic, and other AHD)
¶ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H test (CRP, TPU/CrU, and UB_score) or cross table analysis (Enter dialysis, RASi, CCB, Diuretic, and other AHD)
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. Group 1; † p < 0.05, †† p < 0.01, ††† p < 0.001 vs. Group 2 (ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test or cross table analysis)
*** p < 0.001 vs. Group 1; ††† p < 0.001 vs. Group 2 (Mann–Whitney U test)