Table 3. Results from two-pollutant models.a.
| Pollutant (IQR, μg/m3) | Adjustment |
Mortality% (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | ||
| NOX (41.6) | None | −0.43 (−1.24, 0.40) | −1.29 (−2.72, 0.17) | −0.04 (−1.96, 1.91) |
| O3 | −0.09 (−1.03, 0.86) | −0.47 (−2.11, 1.20) | 0.54 (−1.64, 2.76) | |
| SO2 | 0.05 (−0.94, 1.06) | −0.75 (−2.50, 1.03) | 1.01 (−1.40, 3.48) | |
| PM2.5 | 0.05 (−0.99, 1.10) | −0.82 (−2.67, 1.07) | 0.42 (−2.02, 2.92) | |
| CO (0.2 mg/m3) | None | −0.79 (−1.63, 0.04) | −1.47 (−2.94, 0.01) | 0.41 (−1.62, 2.48) |
| EC (PM10)b | −0.75 (−1.59, 0.09) | −1.42 (−2.91, 0.09) | 0.43 (−1.62, 2.53) | |
| O3 | −0.60 (−1.50, 0.30) | −0.87 (−2.44, 0.72) | 0.90 (−1.29, 3.15) | |
| SO2 | −0.52 (−1.47, 0.43) | −0.96 (−2.63, 0.73) | 0.95 (−1.39, 3.35) | |
| EC (0.8) | None | 0.03 (−0.84, 0.90) | −0.90 (−2.43, 0.66) | 1.52 (−0.59, 3.68) |
| PM10 | 0.45 (−0.58, 1.49) | −0.47 (−2.30, 1.40) | 2.66 (0.11, 5.28) | |
| PM10+CO | 1.57 (0.18, 2.98) | 0.64 (−1.82, 3.16) | 3.20 (−0.25, 6.77) | |
| PM10+O3 | 0.67 (−0.40, 1.75) | 0.11 (−1.79, 2.04) | 3.06 (0.42, 5.76) | |
| PM10+SO2 | 0.73 (−0.36, 1.84) | −0.19 (−2.13, 1.78) | 3.17 (0.43, 5.98) | |
| BC (1.0) | None | −0.28 (−1.09, 0.55) | −1.30 (−2.72, 0.14) | 1.28 (−0.67, 3.27) |
| PM2.5 | 0.47 (−0.63, 1.58) | −0.83 (−2.75, 1.13) | 2.72 (0.09, 5.42) | |
| PM2.5+CO | 1.76 (0.17, 3.36) | −0.10 (−2.81, 2.69) | 3.98 (0.15, 7.95) | |
| PM2.5+O3 | 0.63 (−0.50, 1.78) | −0.32 (−2.29, 1.70) | 3.20 (0.49, 5.99) | |
| PM2.5+SO2 | 0.55 (−0.61, 1.73) | −0.71 (−2.74, 1.35) | 3.70 (0.86, 6.62) | |
| Cu (0.008) | None | −0.35 (−1.25, 0.56) | −1.24 (−2.81, 0.35) | 0.73 (−1.44, 2.95) |
| PM10 | −0.05 (−1.14, 1.05) | −0.94 (−2.85, 1.00) | 1.53 (−1.14, 4.27) | |
| PM10+CO | 0.43 (−0.84, 1.71) | −0.19 (−2.39, 2.06) | 1.11 (−1.96, 4.27) | |
| PM10+O3 | 0.16 (−0.96, 1.30) | −0.46 (−2.40, 1.53) | 1.81 (−0.92, 4.61) | |
| PM10+SO2 | 0.17 (−0.96, 1.31) | −0.79 (−2.76, 1.22) | 1.76 (−1.02, 4.62) | |
| Zn (0.009) | None | −0.36 (−1.05, 0.34) | −1.39 (−2.60, −0.17) | −0.44 (−2.13, 1.28) |
| PM10 | −0.12 (−1.06, 0.83) | −1.58 (−3.25, 0.12) | −0.34 (−2.83, 1.84) | |
| PM10+CO | 0.08 (−0.91, 1.08) | −1.25 (−3.00, 0.52) | −0.74 (−3.18, 1.77) | |
| PM10+O3 | 0.02 (−0.94, 0.98) | −1.34 (−3.02, 0.37) | −0.21 (−2.57, 2.22) | |
| PM10+SO2 | 0.02 (−0.95, 1.01) | −1.38 (−3.10, 0.37) | −0.31 (−2.74, 2.17) | |
| Al (0.062) | None | −0.04 (−0.94, 0.87) | −0.50 (−2.02, 1.04) | 0.62 (−1.54, 2.82) |
| PM10 | 0.58 (−0.62, 1.80) | 0.38 (−1.70, 2.50) | 1.77 (−1.18, 4.81) | |
| PM10+CO | 0.65 (−0.58, 1.89) | 0.40 (−1.67, 2.52) | 1.75 (−1.21, 4.80) | |
| PM10+O3 | 0.48 (−0.73, 1.70) | −0.02 (−2.11, 2.12) | 1.84 (−1.17, 4.94) | |
| PM10+SO2 | 0.71 (−0.52, 1.95) | 0.34 (−1.77, 2.50) | 1.87 (−1.18, 5.01) | |
Abbreviations: Al, Aluminium; BC, black carbon; CI, confidence interval; CO, carbon monoxide; Cu, copper, EC, elemental carbon; IQR, interquartile range; NOX, oxides of nitrogen; O3, ozone; PM, particulate matter; PM2.5, mass of particles with diameter <2.5 microns; PM10, mass of particles with diameter <10 microns; SO2, sulphur dioxide; Zn, zinc.
a
Percent change in mortality (and 95% CIs) associated with an IQR increase in traffic-related (lag 1 for total and cardiovascular and lag 2 for respiratory mortality) in London, United Kingdom, for 1 January 2011–22 December 2012.
b
Adjusted for PM mass.