Table 2.
Categorical Preoperative Risk Factors
| Categorical Factor | Laparoscopy (n = 391) | Open (n = 3725) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shortness of breath | 36 (9.2) | 440 (11.8) | .126 |
| COPD | 17 (4.3) | 210 (5.6) | .288 |
| Current pneumonia | 0 (0) | 6 (0.2) | .461 |
| Ascites | 1 (0.3) | 34 (0.9) | .178 |
| Esophageal varices | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | .501 |
| History of CHF | 5 (1.3) | 32 (0.9) | .403 |
| History of MI | 1 (0.4) | 27 (0.9) | .363 |
| History of PCI | 20 (7.1) | 246 (7.9) | .633 |
| History of cardiac surgery | 22 (7.8) | 213 (6.8) | .539 |
| History of angina | 0 (0) | 23 (0.7) | .148 |
| Hypertension | 233 (59.6) | 2084 (55.9) | .167 |
| History of PVD | 4 (1.4) | 56 (1.8) | .645 |
| Rest pain | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | .501 |
| On dialysis | 2 (0.5) | 25 (0.7) | .710 |
| Hemiplegia | 3 (1.1) | 30 (1.0) | .868 |
| History of TIA | 7 (2.5) | 95 (3.0) | .595 |
| History of CVA | 9 (3.2) | 83 (2.7) | .600 |
| CNS tumor | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | .671 |
| Paraplegia | 0 (0) | 6 (0.2) | .461 |
| Wound infection | 2 (0.5) | 28 (0.8) | .595 |
| Steroid use | 6 (1.5) | 78 (2.1) | .457 |
| Weight loss | 41 (10.5) | 595 (16.0) | .004 |
| Bleeding disorder | 10 (2.6) | 147 (3.9) | .173 |
| Chemotherapy | 15 (5.3) | 223 (7.2) | .248 |
| Radiotherapy | 14 (5.0) | 75 (2.4) | .010 |
| Previous operations | 6 (2.2) | 40 (1.4) | .241 |
Data are expressed as the number of patients (% of total group). Bold indicates a statistically significant difference between study groups. CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CNS, central nervous system; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention (e.g., angioplasty); TIA, transient ischemic attack; PVD, peripheral vascular disease.