Biophysical characterization of oligomer-specific response. (a) Time-dependent fibril formation of Aβ was monitored by ThT, whereas BD-Oligo detects on-fibril pathway oligomers (dye 5 µM, Aβ 20 µM). (b) Kinetics of oligomer-specific immunoreactivity during fibrillogenesis, as probed by oligomer-specific A11 antibody and 6E10 antibody against Aβ. (c) Pelleting assay for Aβ at various time points after fibril formation time course has been initiated. (d) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of Aβ at day 0, day 1, and day 4 of fibrillogenesis.