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. 2016 Feb 17;6:21121. doi: 10.1038/srep21121

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(A) Biofilm formation without antioxidants. (B) Biofilm formation in cultures treated with 1/2× the MIC of ascorbic acid. The MIC of ascorbic acid was determined to be 256 μg/ml. (C) Biofilm formation in cultures treated with 1/2× the MIC of proline. The MIC of proline was determined to be 128 μg/ml. (D) Relative expression of pgaC in the ahpC and oxyR mutants was determined in MSBS or LB medium, with either ascorbic acid or proline production being compared to the corresponding expression level in the wild type strain. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. Statistical analyses were conducted using Student’s t-test. A letter on the bar graph indicates the level of significance.