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. 2015 Jul 25;18(11):pyv079. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv079

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© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — An illustration of some of the currently available optogenetic actuators. Color indicates the optimal frequency of light used for illumination, and τ_off indicates speed of deactivation (fast opsins have a small τ_off and slow opsins have a large τ_off). Different opsins are suitable for different purposes, discussed in the text. Excitatory and inhibitory opsins are available, as are opsins that can modulate intracellular signaling cascades. Adapted from Fenno et al. 2011, with permission.