Table 4. Apparent source level of dolphin and whale whistles.
| Species | Latin name | Source | Location | Mean ± SD (dB) | Range (dB) | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawaiian Spinner dolphins | Stenella longirostris | Watkins & Schevill (1974) | Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii | 109–125 | N = 14 | |
| Lammers & Au (2003) | Coastal of Oahu, Hawaii ar | 153.9 ± 4.5a | N = 22 | |||
| 150.2 ± 2.8b | N = 22 | |||||
| Bottlenose dolphin | Tursiops truncatus | Tyack (1985) | Captive in aquariums, US | 125 ≥ 140c | ||
| Fish & Turl (1976) | Offshore Southern California waters | 150–173d | ||||
| Janik (2000a) | Moray firth, Scotland | 158 ± 6.4 | 134–169 | N = 103 | ||
| Jensen et al. (2012) | Koombana Bay, Western Australia | 146.7 ± 6.2e | 136.8–158.0f | N = 180 | ||
| 147.6 ± 6.4g | 137.9–159.0f | N = 180 | ||||
| Frankel et al. (2014) | Gulf of Mexico | 138.2 ± 8.0 | 114–163 | N = 645 | ||
| Common dolphin | Deiphinus delpliis | Fish & Turl (1976) | Offshore Southern California waters | 125–145h | N = 385 | |
| Atlantic spotted dolphin | Stenella frontalis | Frankel et al. (2014) | Gulf of Mexico | 138.4 ± 8.0 | 115.4–163.1 | |
| White-beaked dolphins | Lagenorhynchus albirostris | Rasmussen et al. (2006) | Faxafloi Bay, Iceland | 148 ± 12i | 124–166 | N = 12 |
| 144 ± 8j | 118–167 | N = 43 | ||||
| Baiji | Lipotes vexillifer | Wang et al. (2006) | Shishou reserve, China | 143.2 ± 5.8 | 135.9–150.8 | N = 43 |
| Humpback dolphin | Sousa chinensis | Present study | PRE and BG, China | 137.4 ± 6.9k | 114–160 | N = 242 |
| 139.5 ± 6.9l | 116–161 | N = 242 | ||||
| Short-finned pilot whale | Globicephala macrorhynchus | Fish & Turl (1976) | Offshore Southern California waters | 157–183d | ||
| Killer whale | Orcinus orca | Miller (2006) | Johnstone strait, Canada | 140.2 ± 4.1 | 133–147 | N = 24 |
Notes.
All source levels were in rms, except those from the study of Fish & Turl (1976), of which power spectrum range were given.
a
Animal moving with or towards the array
b
Animal moving ahead of or away from the array
c
Limited by the recording system
d
Measured from power spectrum generated by peak hold method
e
Measured from 95% energy window
f
90% CI
g
Measured from 200 ms running windows
h
Measured from power spectrum generated by sum-average method
i
Measured from 100 ms running window
j
Measured by cross-correlation functions
k
Measured from the 98% energy window
l
Measured from 200 ms running window