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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 21.
Published in final edited form as: Analyst. 2015 May 19;140(14):4779–4791. doi: 10.1039/c5an00075k

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Two strategies for rectification-based sensing. (A) A polymer-based nanopore is modified with phosphonic polyacid chains. These pores exhibit pH-dependent ion current rectification (ICR) and are used to detect calcium binding. (B–C) A nanopore modified with a carboxylated polymer electrostatically binds biotin ligand. Subsequently, the ligand binds streptavidin, which minimizes the excess surface charge and results in decreased ICR as well as decreased total ion current. Panel A adapted with permission from Ali et al.136 Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. Panels B-C adapted with permission from Ali et al.146 Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.