Table 4.

The associations between various predictors and hearing handicap sum-score.

Predictor	Model 1 (unadjusted effect)	Model 2 (adjusted effect) a
	unstandardized b, [95% CI], p	unstandardized b, [95% CI], p
Time of onset of hearing loss b	−0.473, [−0.633, −0.313], <.001	−0.012, [−0.169, 0.145], .882
Adult hearing threshold level in dB	−0.038, [−0.042, −0.035], <.001	−0.32, [−0.036, −0.028], <.001
Age (20–56, in years)	−0.001, [−0.066, 0.004], .762	−0.002, [−0.008, 0.003], .375
Sex (male = 1, female = 2)	0.088, [0.007, 0.169], .034	0.092, [0.005, 0.179], .037
Education c	0.039, [0.011, 0.067], .007	0.023, [−0.004, 0.050], .097
Income (per 10,000 Norwegian Krone/year)	0.0014, [0.0, 0.0], .495	−0.0015, [0.0, 0.0], .587
Hearing aid use (no = 0, yes = 1)	−1.144, [−1.280, −1.008], <.001	−0.496, [−0.647, −0.345], <.001

Note. For easier interpretation of the effect sizes, the hearing handicap sum-score scale (a high sum-score indicates good self-perceived hearing ability) is Z-transformed so that the observed effects correspond to the change in standard deviation of the sum-score scale. CI = confidence interval.

^a The effects are adjusted for the effects of all the other predictors.

^b Childhood versus adulthood.

^c Scale 0–9, representing increasing years of education.