Fig 3. Differences in pollinator community composition in lowland and mountain populations of Gymnadenia odoratissima.

(A) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of pollinator community composition in four lowland and three mountain populations. Pollinators shown to the left of the plot represent the five taxa (“1” Lycaenidae, “2” Zygaenidae, “3” Crambidae, “4” Nymphalidae, “5” Diptera), that contributed most to the community differences between the lowland and mountain region and were all more common in the mountain region. Boxplots show (B) visitation rate and (C) pollinator richness (number of pollinator families/orders per hour) compared between regions (left) and populations (right). Mountain populations were significantly more rich in pollinators and showed higher pollinator abundances (*P < 0.05).