Table 3.
Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses of Determinants of Blood Pressure Control at Study Visit Among 300 Adults With HTN Attending the Bugando Medical Centre Hypertension Clinic
| HTN Controlled at Study Visit | Univariable | Adjusted for Age, Sex, Education, Residence, and Insurance Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) or Median (IQR) | ||||||
| Yes (n=143) | No (n=157) | OR (95% CI) | P Value | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Age, y | 54 (51–60) | 54 (49–61) | 1.0 (.98–1.02) | .97 | 1.0 (0.98–1.02) | .91 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 52 (50.0) | 52 (50.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 91 (46.4) | 105 (53.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | .56 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | .75 |
| Education level | ||||||
| No school/primary school | 104 (47.3) | 116 (52.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Secondary/above | 39 (48.8) | 41 (51.2) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | .82 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | .84 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Non‐married | 23 (41.1) | 33 (58.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Married | 120 (49.2) | 124 (50.8) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | .27 | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | .45 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Unemployeda | 43 (43.9) | 55 (56.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Self‐employedb | 47 (46.5) | 54 (53.5) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | .71 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | .66 |
| Employedc | 53 (52.5) | 48 (47.5) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | .23 | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | .26 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban area | 98 (45.0) | 120 (55.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural area | 45 (54.9) | 37 (45.1) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | .13 | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | .15 |
| Duration of HTN diagnosis, y | ||||||
| <1 | 15 (37.5) | 25 (62.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–5 | 62 (50.8) | 60 (49.2) | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | .15 | 1.7 (0.8–3.7) | .15 |
| >5 | 66 (47.8) | 72 (52.2) | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | .25 | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | .26 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
| Normal/underweight (<25) | 42 (59.2) | 29 (40.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 65 (52.9) | 58 (47.2) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | .4 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | .31 |
| Obese (≥30) | 36 (34.0) | 70 (66.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | .001 | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | .001 |
| Medications, No. | ||||||
| 1 | 16 (48.5) | 17 (51.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–3 | 97 (44.5) | 121 (55.5) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | .67 | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | .65 |
| ≥4 | 30 (61.2) | 19 (38.8) | 1.7 (0.7–4.1) | .26 | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) | .31 |
| Median cost of medications (TZS in 10,000s)d | 2.5 (1.8–3.7) | 3.0 (2.2–5.0) | 0.8 (0.7–0.98) | .03 | 0.8 (0.7–0.95) | .01 |
| Cost of medications by category (TZS in 10,000s)d | ||||||
| <2.5 | 29 (58.0) | 21 (42.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2.5–3.5 | 25 (47.2) | 28 (52.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | .27 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | .38 |
| >3.5 | 19 (39.6) | 29 (60.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | .07 | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) | .06 |
| Insurance status | ||||||
| Uninsured | 88 (46.6) | 101 (53.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Insured | 55 (49.5) | 56 (50.5) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | .62 | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | .82 |
| Knowledge index score | ||||||
| Poor | 37 (39.0) | 58 (61.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 63 (51.2) | 60 (48.8) | 1.6 (0.96–2.8) | .07 | 1.8 (1.01–3.2) | .046 |
| Good | 43 (52.4) | 39 (47.6) | 1.7 (0.95–3.1) | .07 | 2.1 (1.00–4.5) | .049 |
| Attitudes index score | ||||||
| Poor | 10 (26.3) | 28 (73.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 68 (50.0) | 68 (50.0) | 2.8 (1.3–6.2) | .01 | 2.8 (1.2–6.4) | .02 |
| Good | 65 (51.6) | 61 (48.4) | 3.0 (1.3–6.7) | .01 | 3.0 (1.3–7.0) | .01 |
| Practices index score | ||||||
| Poor | 14 (18.7) | 61 (81.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 76 (51.3) | 72 (48.7) | 4.6 (2.4–8.9) | <.001 | 4.8 (2.4–9.4) | <.001 |
| Good | 53 (68.8) | 24 (31.2) | 9.6 (4.5–20.5) | <.001 | 11.0 (5.0–24.2) | <.001 |
| Adherence index score | ||||||
| Low (MMAS‐4: 3–4) | 7 (12.7) | 48 (87.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Medium (MMAS‐4: 1–2) | 15 (19.5) | 62 (80.5) | 1.7 (0.6–4.4) | .31 | 1.7 (0.6–4.5) | .31 |
| High (MMAS‐4: 0) | 121 (72.0) | 47 (28.0) | 17 (7.5–41.8) | <.001 | 18.8 (7.8–45.4) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HTN, hypertension; IQR, interquartile range; MMAS, Moriksy Medication‐Taking Adherence Scale; OR, odds ratio; TZS, Tanzanian shillings. aStudent/volunteer/homemaker, retired, and unemployed (unable to work). bSelf‐employed and agricultural worker. cPublic sector employee and private sector employee. dAvailable for 151 study participants who self‐paid for medications, had relatives pay, or used other payment methods. Bold values indicate significance.