Table 2. Patients’ characteristics with respect to urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR).
| Variable | Global | UACR <30 mg/g | UACR = 30–299 mg/g | UACR ≥300 mg/g | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 12,520 (44.2) | 10,886 (45.7) | 1,443 (36.4) | 191 (33.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 22,971 (81.0) | 18,857 (79.2) | 3,573 (90.2) | 541 (95.4) | <0.001 |
| Any cardiovascular diseaseb, n (%) | 3,969 (14.0) | 2,996 (12.6) | 830 (21.0) | 143 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| Coronary Heart disease, n (%) | 3,048 (10.8) | 2,321 (9.7) | 616 (15.6) | 111 (19.6) | <0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 1,148 (4.1) | 842 (3.5) | 268 (6.8) | 38 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 4,737 (20.0) | 3,512 (17,9) | 1,028 (29.0) | 197 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Age T2DM (years), mean (SD) | 58.8(10.5) | 58.6(10.4) | 59.8(10.9) | 59.1(10.5) | <0.001 |
| Age at retinography (years), mean (SD) | 65.7(10.7) | 65.4(10.6) | 67.6(11.0) | 67.6(11.0) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 7.0 (5.2) | 6.8 (5.1) | 7.8 (5.4) | 8.6 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| A1C (%), mean (SD) | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.3(1.3) | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 137.3(35.2) | 137.4 (34.7) | 136.5(37.6) | 136.6(37.3) | 0.320 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean (SD) | 14.0 (1.5) | 14.0 (1.5) | 13.8 (1.7) | 13.5 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 134.9(12.6) | 134.2(12.2) | 138.3(13.7) | 141.8(15.8) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 76.4 (8.3) | 76.4 (8.1) | 76.4 (9.0) | 76.7 (10.0) | 0.736 |
| Heart Rate (bpm), mean (SD) | 76.1 (12.1) | 76.0(12.0) | 76.6 (12.8) | 77.5 (13.2) | 0.002 |
aP value for comparison of groups by urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) with Pearson’s chi-square test for qualitative variables and t-test for the quantitative ones.
bAny cardiovascular disease includes coronary heart disease and/or stroke
A1C, glycated hemoglobin; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.