Table 1.
Biomechanical properties of tendons, grafts and fixation techniques
| Subject | Maximum load to failure (N) | Stiffness (N/mm) | Ref. |
| Intact ACL (with femur and tibia) | 2160 (± 157) | 242 (± 28) | [45] |
| Two gracilis strands | 1550 (± 369) | 370 (± 108) | [69] |
| Two semitendinosus strands | 2640 (± 320) | 534 (± 76) | [69] |
| Four combined hamstring strands | 4090 (± 295) | 276 (± 204) | [69] |
| 7 mm BPTB | 2238 (± 316) | 327 (± 58) | [67] |
| 10 mm BPTB | 2977 (± 516) | 424/455 (± 57/67) | [67] |
| 15 mm BPTB | 4389 (± 708) | 556 (± 67) | [67] |
| 10 mm QTB | 2353 (± 495) | 621 (± 122) | [70] |
| Interference screw (BPTB) | 683-863 | 76-80 | [71] |
| Interference screw (hamstrings) | 534-925 | 189-315 | [68,72] |
| Endobutton (hamstrings) | 520-1364 | 35-195 | [68,73] |
| Interference screw and endobutton (hamstrings) | 1290-1449 | 307-341 | [68] |
ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament; QTB: Quadriceps-tendon-bone; BPTB: Bone-patellar-tendon-bone.