Table 3.
Bivariate logistic regression analysis of farm-based characteristics associated with Coxiella burnetii positivity among cattle farmers and farm residents in three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
| Variable | Category | Number of humans tested | Positive (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Heilongjiang | 98 | 30.61 | Reference | |
| Jilin | 76 | 27.63 | 0.87 (0.45–1.68) | 0.667 | |
| Liaoning | 92 | 31.52 | 1.04 (0.56–1.93) | 0.892 | |
| Inner Mongolia | 96 | 51.04 | 2.36 (1.31–4.25) | 0.004 | |
|
| |||||
| Urbanization | Moderate or minor urban area | 149 | 20.81 | Reference | <0.001 |
| Rural area | 213 | 46.01 | 3.24 (2.01–5.24) | ||
|
| |||||
| Herd size | Small (50–100) | 197 | 32.48 | Reference | 0.393 |
| Medium (100–150) | 104 | 39.42 | 1.35 (0.83–2.22) | ||
| Large (>150) | 61 | 39.34 | 1.35 (0.74–2.44) | ||
|
| |||||
| Beef cattle on the farm | Yes | 202 | 37.13 | 1.16 (0.75–1.79) | 0.505 |
| No | 160 | 33.75 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Number of stables | >3 stables | 117 | 32.48 | 0.81 (0.51–1.30) | 0.386 |
| ≤3 stables | 245 | 37.14 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Use of artificial insemination | Yes | 84 | 46.43 | 1.81 (1.10–2.98) | 0.018 |
| No | 278 | 32.37 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Laying hens on farm | Yes | 243 | 40.33 | 1.92 (1.18–3.11) | 0.008 |
| No | 119 | 26.05 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Presence of cat(s) in cattle stable | Present | 198 | 36.36 | 1.07 (0.70–1.65) | 0.751 |
| Absent | 164 | 34.76 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Use of silage | Yes | 276 | 40.22 | 2.54 (1.43–4.51) | 0.001 |
| No | 86 | 20.93 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Use of maize | Yes | 288 | 38.19 | 1.79 (1.01–3.17) | 0.045 |
| No | 74 | 25.68 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Feeding method | Fodder mixer or automatic | 241 | 32.37 | 0.66 (0.42–1.03) | 0.067 |
| Hand/wheelbarrow | 121 | 42.15 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Presence of mice and/or rats in the stable | Present | 199 | 45.23 | 2.63 (1.67–4.14) | <0.001 |
| Absent | 163 | 23.93 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Farm visitors | Yes | 143 | 37.76 | 1.17 (0.75–1.81) | 0.495 |
| No | 219 | 34.25 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Farm boots for staff | Yes | 277 | 36.46 | 1.17 (0.70–1.95) | 0.553 |
| No | 85 | 32.94 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Presence of hygienic locker room | Yes | 269 | 31.97 | 0.55 (0.34–0.88) | 0.013 |
| No | 93 | 46.24 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Presence of disinfection equipment | Yes | 224 | 29.46 | 0.50 (0.32–0.77) | 0.002 |
| No | 138 | 45.65 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Birds in stable | Yes | 90 | 45.56 | 1.75 (1.08–2.85) | 0.023 |
| No | 272 | 32.35 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Veterinary service | Yes | 301 | 31.62 | 1.40 (0.78–2.54) | 0.273 |
| No | 61 | 29.51 | Reference | ||
|
| |||||
| Type of farm management | Closed herd | 298 | 34.89 | 0.84 (0.48–1.46) | 0.528 |
| Purchase of cattle | 64 | 39.06 | Reference | ||