Table 3.

Percent change of FA in plasma, RBC, and PBMC in echium oil vs. linseed oil groups and in control groups after 8-weeks treatment¹

Change of FA, %		Study 1 Echium oil (n = 59)	Study 2 Linseed oil mixture (n = 59)	Treatment effect EO vs. LO P2	Control groups
					Fish oil (n = 19)	Olive oil (n = 18)
Plasma
n-3 PUFA	ALA	230 ± 13b†	314 ± 20a†	0.001	−8 ± 4c	14 ± 5c†
	SDA	789 ± 69a†	159 ± 13b†	<0.001	59 ± 19b†	22 ± 14b
	ETA	406 ± 32a†	124 ± 10b†	<0.001	53 ± 12b†	27 ± 10b†
	EPA	168 ± 8b†	67 ± 6c†	<0.001	646 ± 75a†	4 ± 6d
	DPA	68 ± 4b†	31 ± 3c†	<0.001	113 ± 13a†	−1 ± 2d
	DHA	−3 ± 3b	−11 ± 2b†	0.008	39 ± 8a†	−5 ± 3b
n-6 PUFA	LA	−9 ± 1b†	3 ± 1a†	<0.001	−13 ± 2b†	−8 ± 1b†
	GLA	276 ± 23a†	−11 ± 3b†	<0.001	−16 ± 4b†	7 ± 6b
	DGLA	67 ± 5a†	−10 ± 2bc†	<0.001	−26 ± 4c†	6 ± 3b
	AA	14 ± 2a†	−1 ± 2b	<0.001	3 ± 3ab	0 ± 3b
	22:5n-6	−20 ± 3b†	−9 ± 3b†	0.006	−38 ± 7b†	12 ± 5a
RBC
n-3 PUFA	ALA	156 ± 32b†	201 ± 9a†	<0.001	−12 ± 5c	8 ± 3c†
	SDA	405 ± 54a†	135 ± 22b†	<0.001	6 ± 13c	49 ± 35b
	ETA	243 ± 22a†	106 ± 7b†	<0.001	24 ± 6c	9 ± 4c
	EPA	85 ± 12b†	32 ± 4c†	<0.001	351 ± 35a†	−10 ± 3d†
	DPA	32 ± 8b†	12 ± 2c†	<0.001	75 ± 16a†	−4 ± 2d
	DHA	−4 ± 2b†	−10 ± 2b†	0.15	10 ± 9a	−9 ± 2b†
n-6 PUFA	LA	11 ± 3a	1 ± 1b	<0.001	−11 ± 4b	−4 ± 1b†
	GLA	144 ± 16a†	0 ± 4b	<0.001	1 ± 2b	7 ± 6b
	DGLA	48 ± 9a†	−5 ± 1b†	<0.001	−15 ± 3b	3 ± 1b
	AA	17 ± 3a†	−1 ± 1b	<0.001	2 ± 4b	0 ± 1b
	22:5n-6	−2 ± 4a	−4 ± 1a†	0.43	−29 ± 5b†	6 ± 2a
PBMC
n-3 PUFA	ALA	147 ± 20b†	368 ± 28a†	<0.001	70 ± 43bc	13 ± 8c
	SDA	424 ± 78a†	103 ± 34b	<0.001	−2 ± 24b	47 ± 45b
	ETA	388 ± 35a†	81 ± 5b†	<0.001	38 ± 6b†	27 ± 19b
	EPA	97 ± 9b†	45 ± 5c†	0.005	564 ± 57a†	−1 ± 4d
	DPA	42 ± 5b†	27 ± 2c†	0.006	94 ± 8a†	3 ± 2c
	DHA	−20 ± 3b†	−15 ± 1b†	0.12	2 ± 5a	−4 ± 2ab
n-6 PUFA	LA	8 ± 2a	5 ± 1a	0.42	6 ± 3a	−7 ± 2b†
	GLA	128 ± 14a†	−1 ± 4b	<0.001	12 ± 15b	7 ± 4b
	DGLA	47 ± 17a†	−1 ± 1b†	<0.001	−15 ± 3b†	6 ± 2b
	AA	−2 ± 3a	−2 ± 1a†	0.92	−10 ± 2b†	2 ± 1a
	22:5n-6	−17 ± 6a†	−8 ± 2a†	0.17	−48 ± 3b†	8 ± 4a

¹Values are means ± SEM; adjusted means not shown. Change is from day 0 to day 56. EO echium oil, ETA 20:4n-3, eicosatetraenoic acid, LO linseed oil mixture, RBC red blood cells, PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells. P values were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model ANCOVA with sex, age, BMI, baseline value as covariates

² P values for the treatment effect including only EO and LO groups

^abcMeans with different superscript letters are significantly different between all treatments (P ≤ 0.05)

^†Within one oil treatment, means are significantly different between day 0 and day 56 (repeated measures; P ≤ 0.05)