Table 2. Drug toxicity mechanism and timing for AKI and Glomerular phenotypes.
| Drug | AKI | Glomerular | Time Course | Genetic Mechanism | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type A | Type B | Type A | Type B | |||
| Abacavir | X | Acute | HLA | |||
| Aminoglycosides | X | Acute/SA | Megalin/Cathepsins/Caspases | |||
| Amoxicillin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Ampicillin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Amphotericin | X | Acute/SA | ||||
| Bevacizumab | X | SA | VEGF | |||
| Cefazolin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Ceftazidime | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Cidofovir | X | Acute | OAT | |||
| Ciprofloxacin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Colistin | X | SA | OCT | |||
| Cyclosporine | X | X | Acute/SA | CYP 3A/PGP | ||
| Foscarnet | X | Acute/SA | ||||
| Hydralazine | X | SA/Chronic | HLA | |||
| Levofloxacin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Lithium | X | SA/Chronic | VA receptors | |||
| Nafcillin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| NSAIDs | X | X | Acute/SA | HLA | ||
| Oxacillin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Pamidronate | X | X | SA | |||
| Penicillin | X | SA | HLA | |||
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | X | Acute/SA | HLA | |||
| Propylthiouracil | X | SA/Chronic | HLA | |||
| Rifampin | X | X | SA | HLA | ||
| SMX/TMP | X | Acute/SA | HLA | |||
| Tacrolimus | X | X | Acute/SA | CYP 3A | ||
| Vancomycin | X | X | Acute/SA | Oxidative stress, HLA | ||
Type A= dose dependent toxicity, Type B= idiosyncratic, acute = within 7 days of drug initiation, SA = sub-acute, occurs within 4 weeks of drug exposure and may take up to 90 days to resolve, chronic = injury persisting beyond 90 days, OAT=organic anion transporter, HLA = human leukocyte antigen, CYP = cytochrome P450, PGP = p-glycoprotein, MRP = multi-drug resistance associated protein